The importance of high performing team members in complex team work: results from quasi-experiments in professional team sports

This paper empirically assesses peer effects of high performing team members in reciprocally interdependent team production. Using data from the National Basketball Association (NBA), we identify peer effects by exploiting unforeseen in-game injuries of high performing players. Results indicate that without a high performing player, other team members maintain efficiency and the division of tasks among each other. However, they slightly increase risk taking and decrease their individual output, resulting in an inferior overall outcome. These effects depend on whether a high performing player has a team-oriented or a self-oriented role in the team. Additionally, we observe that relatively skilled players try to step in for the absent high performing player

PLAY: A Profiled Linear Weighting Scheme for Understanding the Influence of Input Variables on the Output of a Deep Artificial Neural Network

Recently, deep artificial neural networks (DANNs) have been successfully applied to various pattern recognition tasks with high industrial impact. Their results are so convincing that neural nets are already tested in heavily regulated fields like medicine or finance. However, these autonomous systems are often deployed without evaluating the reasoning behind their decisions. Thus, recent research has shifted towards methods that increase the interpretability of DANNs. The goal of this paper is to explain the influence of input variables on the decision of a DANN. More precisely, we aim at improving the linear weighting scheme for the contribution of input variables (LICON), a previously introduced method which estimates the contributions of inputs in a local neighborhood, by combining it with the gobal sensitivity approach(GSA), which uses sampling to examine multiple values of an input. This allows the local influence estimation of LICON to be assessed in relation to estimates obtained from sampled input values. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is assessed via a comparative study of the involved explanation methods. Despite the computational complexity, which has to be dealt with in the future, it is shown that the proposed approach generates reasonable estimates for input contributions

Method for identifying and evaluating the fields of application of a digital twin

In the context of Industry 4.0, digital technologies and concepts are becoming more and more important in companies, as they can provide solutions to current challenges. The digital twin in particular can be used in various fields of application and thus create added value. However, the variety of different application possibilities as well as the difficult evaluation of the added value of the digital twin poses great challenges for companies. This publication therefore presents a method that offers companies a structured approach to identifying and subsequently evaluating possible uses of the digital twin based on their digital maturity. First, the digital maturity of a company is determined by means of a point-based questionnaire and a suitable identification method is proposed based on the result of the digital maturity. If a field of application could be identified with the proposed method, it is evaluated by a self-developed "Digital Twin Canvas" and, depending on the field of application, by a suitable simulation. By applying the method in various companies from different sectors, the method's functionality has been validated

Expression pattern of matrix metalloproteinases in human gynecological cancer cell lines

Background: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in the degradation of protein components of the extracellular matrix and thus play an important role in tumor invasion and metastasis. Their expression is related to the progression of gynecological cancers (e.g. endometrial, cervical or ovarian carcinoma). In this study we investigated the expression pattern of the 23 MMPs, currently known in humans, in different gynecological cancer cell lines. Methods: In total, cell lines from three endometrium carcinomas (Ishikawa, HEC-1-A, AN3 CA), three cervical carcinomas (HeLa, Caski, SiHa), three chorioncarcinomas (JEG, JAR, BeWo), two ovarian cancers (BG-1, OAW-42) and one teratocarcinoma (PA-1) were examined. The expression of MMPs was analyzed by RT-PCR, Western blot and gelatin zymography. Results: We demonstrated that the cell lines examined can constitutively express a wide variety of MMPs on mRNA and protein level. While MMP-2, -11, -14 and -24 were widely expressed, no expression was seen for MMP-12, -16, -20, -25, -26, -27 in any of the cell lines. A broad range of 16 MMPs could be found in the PA1 cells and thus this cell line could be used as a positive control for general MMP experiments. While the three cervical cancer cell lines expressed 10-14 different MMPs, the median expression in endometrial and choriocarcinoma cells was 7 different enzymes. The two investigated ovarian cancer cell lines showed a distinctive difference in the number of expressed MMPs (2 vs. 10). Conclusions: Ishikawa, Caski, OAW-42 and BeWo cell lines could be the best choice for all future experiments on MMP regulation and their role in endometrial, cervical, ovarian or choriocarcinoma development, whereas the teratocarcinoma cell line PA1 could be used as a positive control for general MMP experiments

Modification of emission properties of ZnO layers due to plasmonic near-field coupling to Ag nanoislands

A simple fabrication method of Ag nanoislands on ZnO films is presented. Continuous wave and time-resolved photoluminescence and transmission are employed to investigate modifications of visible and UV emissions of ZnO brought about by coupling to localized surface plasmons residing on Ag nanoislands. The size of the nanoislands, determining their absorption and scattering efficiencies, is found to be an important factor governing plasmonic modification of optical response of ZnO films. The presence of the Ag nanoislands of appropriate dimensions causes a strong (threefold) increase in emission intensity and up to 1.5 times faster recombination. The experimental results are successfully described by model calculations within the Mie theory.Comment: 14 pages, 5 figure

Method For Identifying And Evaluating The Fields Of Application Of A Digital Twin

In the context of Industry 4.0, digital technologies and concepts are becoming more and more important in companies, as they can provide solutions to current challenges. The digital twin in particular can be used in various fields of application and thus create added value. However, the variety of different application possibilities as well as the difficult evaluation of the added value of the digital twin poses great challenges for companies. This publication therefore presents a method that offers companies a structured approach to identifying and subsequently evaluating possible uses of the digital twin based on their digital maturity. First, the digital maturity of a company is determined by means of a point-based questionnaire and a suitable identification method is proposed based on the result of the digital maturity. If a field of application could be identified with the proposed method, it is evaluated by a self-developed "Digital Twin Canvas" and, depending on the field of application, by a suitable simulation. By applying the method in various companies from different sectors, the method's functionality has been validated

Fusion pore expansion is a slow, discontinuous, and Ca2+-dependent process regulating secretion from alveolar type II cells

In alveolar type II cells, the release of surfactant is considerably delayed after the formation of exocytotic fusion pores, suggesting that content dispersal may be limited by fusion pore diameter and subject to regulation at a postfusion level. To address this issue, we used confocal FRAP and N-(3-triethylammoniumpropyl)-4-(4-[dibutylamino]styryl) pyridinium dibromide (FM 1-43), a dye yielding intense localized fluorescence of surfactant when entering the vesicle lumen through the fusion pore (Haller, T., J. Ortmayr, F. Friedrich, H. Volkl, and P. Dietl. 1998. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95:1579–1584). Thus, we have been able to monitor the dynamics of individual fusion pores up to hours in intact cells, and to calculate pore diameters using a diffusion model derived from Fick's law. After formation, fusion pores were arrested in a state impeding the release of vesicle contents, and expanded at irregular times thereafter. The expansion rate of initial pores and the probability of late expansions were increased by elevation of the cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration. Consistently, content release correlated with the occurrence of Ca2+ oscillations in ATP-treated cells, and expanded fusion pores were detectable by EM. This study supports a new concept in exocytosis, implicating fusion pores in the regulation of content release for extended periods after initial formation