Rational dilation problems associated with constrained algebras

It is shown that rational dilation fails on broad collection of distinguished varieties associated to constrained subalgebras of the disk algebra of the form C + B A(D), where B is a finite Blaschke product with two or more zeros. This is accomplished in part by finding a minimal set of test functions. In addition, an Agler-Pick interpolation theorem is given and it is proved that there exist Kaijser-Varopoulos style examples of non-contractive unital representations where the generators are contractions.Comment: Page proof corrections included in this version

Draft pan-genome sequence of american B73 and european F2 maize lines

The archive file contains the draft sequence of the american B73 and the european F2 maize lines pan-genome (fast format), the gene prediction for F2-specific regions (gtf format) and the location of F2- and B73-specific regions (gff format). More details are available from README files included in the archive

Secretome of the Free-living Mycelium from the Ectomycorrhizal Basidiomycete <i>Laccaria bicolor</i>

The ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete <i>Laccaria bicolor</i> has a dual lifestyle with a transitory soil saprotrophic phase and a longer mutualistic interaction with tree roots. Recent evidence suggests that secreted proteins play key roles in host plant colonisation and symbiosis development. However, a limited number of secreted proteins have been characterized, and the full spectrum of effectors involved in the mycobiont invasion and survival remains unknown. We analyzed the extracellular proteins secreted in growth medium by free-living mycelium of <i>L. bicolor</i> as a proxy for its saprotrophic phase. The proteomic analyses (two-dimensional electrophoresis and shotgun proteomics) were substantiated by whole-genome expression transcript profiling on ectomycorrhizal roots. Among the 224 proteins identified were carbohydrate-acting enzymes likely involved in the cell wall remodelling linked to hyphal growth as well as secreted proteases possibly digesting soil organic compounds and/or fending off competitors, pathogens, and predators. Evidence of gene expression was found in ectomycorrhizal roots for 210 of them. These findings provide the first global view of the secretome of a mutualistic symbiont and shed some light on the mechanisms controlling cell wall remodelling during the hyphal growth. They also revealed many novel putative secreted proteins of unknown function, including one mycorrhiza-induced small secreted protein

Secretome of the Free-living Mycelium from the Ectomycorrhizal Basidiomycete <i>Laccaria bicolor</i>

The ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete <i>Laccaria bicolor</i> has a dual lifestyle with a transitory soil saprotrophic phase and a longer mutualistic interaction with tree roots. Recent evidence suggests that secreted proteins play key roles in host plant colonisation and symbiosis development. However, a limited number of secreted proteins have been characterized, and the full spectrum of effectors involved in the mycobiont invasion and survival remains unknown. We analyzed the extracellular proteins secreted in growth medium by free-living mycelium of <i>L. bicolor</i> as a proxy for its saprotrophic phase. The proteomic analyses (two-dimensional electrophoresis and shotgun proteomics) were substantiated by whole-genome expression transcript profiling on ectomycorrhizal roots. Among the 224 proteins identified were carbohydrate-acting enzymes likely involved in the cell wall remodelling linked to hyphal growth as well as secreted proteases possibly digesting soil organic compounds and/or fending off competitors, pathogens, and predators. Evidence of gene expression was found in ectomycorrhizal roots for 210 of them. These findings provide the first global view of the secretome of a mutualistic symbiont and shed some light on the mechanisms controlling cell wall remodelling during the hyphal growth. They also revealed many novel putative secreted proteins of unknown function, including one mycorrhiza-induced small secreted protein

Secretome of the Free-living Mycelium from the Ectomycorrhizal Basidiomycete <i>Laccaria bicolor</i>

The ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete <i>Laccaria bicolor</i> has a dual lifestyle with a transitory soil saprotrophic phase and a longer mutualistic interaction with tree roots. Recent evidence suggests that secreted proteins play key roles in host plant colonisation and symbiosis development. However, a limited number of secreted proteins have been characterized, and the full spectrum of effectors involved in the mycobiont invasion and survival remains unknown. We analyzed the extracellular proteins secreted in growth medium by free-living mycelium of <i>L. bicolor</i> as a proxy for its saprotrophic phase. The proteomic analyses (two-dimensional electrophoresis and shotgun proteomics) were substantiated by whole-genome expression transcript profiling on ectomycorrhizal roots. Among the 224 proteins identified were carbohydrate-acting enzymes likely involved in the cell wall remodelling linked to hyphal growth as well as secreted proteases possibly digesting soil organic compounds and/or fending off competitors, pathogens, and predators. Evidence of gene expression was found in ectomycorrhizal roots for 210 of them. These findings provide the first global view of the secretome of a mutualistic symbiont and shed some light on the mechanisms controlling cell wall remodelling during the hyphal growth. They also revealed many novel putative secreted proteins of unknown function, including one mycorrhiza-induced small secreted protein

Number of genes exhibiting patterns consistent with Differential Selection (DS_candidates) in each pairwise comparison.

<p>Number of genes exhibiting patterns consistent with Differential Selection (DS_candidates) in each pairwise comparison.</p

Historical splits and admixtures between populations as inferred by TreeMix using a model with 3 admixture events.

<p>The TreeMix model explains 99.75% of the variation. Admixtures are colored according to their weight. The model indicates an admixed origin of Corn Belts Dents (arrow weight = 0.44), the European Flints (arrow weight = 0.47), and the Italian material (arrow weight = 0.35).</p

The effectiveness of sophisticated capital budgeting practices: Empirical evidence from the Netherlands

This study examines the effectiveness of sophisticated capital budgeting practices. The theoretical applications of sophisticated capital budgeting practices (defined as the use of real option reasoning and/or game theory decision rules) have been well documented; however, empirical evidence on the effectiveness of these sophisticated capital budgeting practices is scarce. The empirical results from a survey of Dutch organizations suggest that the use of sophisticated capital budgeting practices is not necessarily associated with higher performance. However, the results also indicate that particular industries may benefit from sophisticated capital budgeting practices. Additional research may identify the specific characteristics that affect the effectiveness of sophisticated capital budgeting practices for individual companies

Genome-wide patterns of nucleotide diversity of American and European samples.

<p>A: Box-plots of non-genic per-bp nucleotide diversity (<i>π</i>) estimated on 4,799 non-overlapping segments of 10kb along the genome. B: Folded Site Frequency Spectra of the European sample and the American sample projected down to 29 samples. SFS were built on a common set of 2,941,528 non-genic SNPs. SFS expectation for American landraces from a model incorporating a domestication bottleneck, population expansion and gene flow (parameters from [<a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1006666#pgen.1006666.ref028" target="_blank">28</a>]) is shown by a red line. C: Variation of <i>π</i>/bp along chromosome 1 computed from 50kb sliding windows.</p

Patterns of differential selection at <i>SU1</i> gene and the nearby <i>TGA1</i> domestication gene.

<p>(A) Nei’s genetic diversity (H) averaged on overlapping sliding windows of 1,000 SNPs (1 SNP step) along chromosome 4 with positions indicated in kb (CBDs in dark blue, NFs in green). (B) Status of biallelic SNPs per line within each genetic group as inferred from Structure is shown (with most frequent allele in dark grey) as well as pairwise LD computed from r² from positions 41,000,000 to 45,001,000 bp. Gene positions <i>SU1</i>, <i>GRMZM2G138198</i> are indicated with boxes in red (candidate genes) and <i>TGA1</i> in black. (C) Zoom within the region with XP-CLR (dots) and <i>D</i> values (lines with the same color code as in A) presented along with the genome-wide 5% quantile (dark blue and green dotted line for <i>D</i> within CBDs and NFs respectively, and black dotted line for XP-CLR between CBDs and NFs). <i>GRMZM2G138198</i> and <i>SU1</i> positions are indicated by red boxes.</p