Molecular dissection of the photoreceptor ribbon synapse: physical interaction of Bassoon and RIBEYE is essential for the assembly of the ribbon complex

The ribbon complex of retinal photoreceptor synapses represents a specialization of the cytomatrix at the active zone (CAZ) present at conventional synapses. In mice deficient for the CAZ protein Bassoon, ribbons are not anchored to the presynaptic membrane but float freely in the cytoplasm. Exploiting this phenotype, we dissected the molecular structure of the photoreceptor ribbon complex. Identifiable CAZ proteins segregate into two compartments at the ribbon: a ribbon-associated compartment including Piccolo, RIBEYE, CtBP1/BARS, RIM1, and the motor protein KIF3A, and an active zone compartment including RIM2, Munc13-1, a Ca2+ channel α1 subunit, and ERC2/CAST1. A direct interaction between the ribbon-specific protein RIBEYE and Bassoon seems to link the two compartments and is responsible for the physical integrity of the photoreceptor ribbon complex. Finally, we found the RIBEYE homologue CtBP1 at ribbon and conventional synapses, suggesting a novel role for the CtBP/BARS family in the molecular assembly and function of central nervous system synapses

Peripherin-2 differentially interacts with cone opsins in outer segments of cone photoreceptors

Peripherin-2 is a glycomembrane protein exclusively expressed in the light-sensing compartments of rod and cone photoreceptors designated as outer segments (OS). Mutations in peripherin-2 are associated with degenerative retinal diseases either affecting rod or cone photoreceptors. While peripherin-2 has been extensively studied in rods, there is only little information on its supramolecular organization and function in cones. Recently, we have demonstrated that peripherin-2 interacts with the light detector rhodopsin in OS of rods. It remains unclear, however, if peripherin-2 also binds to cone opsins. Here, using a combination of co-immunoprecipitation analyses, transmission electron microscopy (TEM)-based immunolabeling experiments, and quantitative fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) measurements in cone OS of wild type mice, we demonstrate that peripherin-2 binds to both, S-opsin and M-opsin. However, FRET-based quantification of the respective interactions indicated significantly less stringent binding of peripherin-2 to S-opsin compared to its interaction with M-opsin. Subsequent TEM-studies also showed less co-localization of peripherin-2 and S-opsin in cone OS compared to peripherin-2 and M-opsin. Furthermore, quantitative FRET analysis in acutely isolated cone OS revealed that the cone degeneration-causing V268I mutation in peripherin-2 selectively reduced binding to M-opsin without affecting the peripherin-2 interaction to S-opsin or rhodopsin. The differential binding of peripherin-2 to cone opsins and the mutant-specific interference with the peripherin-2/M-opsin binding points to a novel role of peripherin-2 in cones and might contribute to understanding the differential penetrance of certain peripherin-2 mutations in rods and cones. Finally, our results provide a proof-of-principle for quantitative FRET measurements of protein-protein interactions in cone OS

Identification and immunocytochemical characterization of Piccolino, a novel Piccolo splice variant selectively expressed at sensory ribbon synapses of the eye and ear.

Piccolo is one of the largest cytomatrix proteins present at active zones of chemical synapses, where it is suggested to play a role in recruiting and integrating molecules relevant for both synaptic vesicle exo- and endocytosis. Here we examined the retina of a Piccolo-mutant mouse with a targeted deletion of exon 14 in the Pclo gene. Piccolo deficiency resulted in its profound loss at conventional chemical amacrine cell synapses but retinal ribbon synapses were structurally and functionally unaffected. This led to the identification of a shorter, ribbon-specific Piccolo variant, Piccolino, present in retinal photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells, as well as in inner hair cells of the inner ear. By RT-PCR analysis and the generation of a Piccolino-specific antibody we show that non-splicing of intron 5/6 leads to premature translation termination and generation of the C-terminally truncated protein specifically expressed at active zones of ribbon synapse containing cell types. With in situ proximity ligation assays we provide evidence that this truncation leads to the absence of interaction sites for Bassoon, Munc13, and presumably also ELKS/CAST, RIM2, and the L-type Ca(2) (+) channel which exist in the full-length Piccolo at active zones of conventional chemical synapses. The putative lack of interactions with proteins of the active zone suggests a function of Piccolino at ribbon synapses of sensory neurons different from Piccolo's function at conventional chemical synapses

Identification and Immunocytochemical Characterization of Piccolino, a Novel Piccolo Splice Variant Selectively Expressed at Sensory Ribbon Synapses of the Eye and Ear

Piccolo is one of the largest cytomatrix proteins present at active zones of chemical synapses, where it is suggested to play a role in recruiting and integrating molecules relevant for both synaptic vesicle exo- and endocytosis. Here we examined the retina of a Piccolo-mutant mouse with a targeted deletion of exon 14 in the Pclo gene. Piccolo deficiency resulted in its profound loss at conventional chemical amacrine cell synapses but retinal ribbon synapses were structurally and functionally unaffected. This led to the identification of a shorter, ribbon-specific Piccolo variant, Piccolino, present in retinal photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells, as well as in inner hair cells of the inner ear. By RT-PCR analysis and the generation of a Piccolino-specific antibody we show that non-splicing of intron 5/6 leads to premature translation termination and generation of the C-terminally truncated protein specifically expressed at active zones of ribbon synapse containing cell types. With in situ proximity ligation assays we provide evidence that this truncation leads to the absence of interaction sites for Bassoon, Munc13, and presumably also ELKS/CAST, RIM2, and the L-type Ca2+ channel which exist in the full-length Piccolo at active zones of conventional chemical synapses. The putative lack of interactions with proteins of the active zone suggests a function of Piccolino at ribbon synapses of sensory neurons different from Piccolo’s function at conventional chemical synapses

Piccolino and full-length Pclo expression in different species.

<p><b>A</b>: Sequence comparison of the first 120 nucleotides of the Pclo intron 5/6 between mouse, rat, cow, and human. Note the 100% conservation of the stop codon in all four species (TGA; boxed region). <b>B</b>: Amino acid sequence comparison of the translation product derived from (A) between mouse, rat, cow, and human. The homology of the translated sequence (boxed region) ranges from 59% between mouse and cow, and 86% between mouse and rat. <b>C</b>: Comparative RT-PCR of mouse and rat retinal cDNA with primers flanking intron 5/6 of the <i>Pclo</i> gene (see also <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0070373#pone-0070373-g002" target="_blank">Figure 2</a>). Like in the mouse retina, also in the rat retina four additional amplicons (b–e) were detected in addition to the strongly expressed conventionally spliced Pclo transcript (a), with (e) representing the completely retained intron 5/6 of the <i>Pclo</i> gene. <b>D</b>: Representative image of the outer plexiform layer (OPL) of PFA-fixed vertical sections through rat retina double stained with antibodies against CtBP2/RIBEYE (magenta) and Piccolino (Pclo 49; green). Scale bar in D: 5 µm.</p

Intron retention generates a C-terminally truncated ribbon synapse specific Pclo variant.

<p><b>A</b>: Nucleotide sequence of intron 5/6 in the <i>Pclo</i> gene (lower case letters) with flanking exon regions (capital letters). Codons are demarcated through alternating bold and non-bold letters, and the conventionally used donor and strong acceptor site, and a hypothetical alternative weak acceptor site are indicated with black lines. Utilization of the weak acceptor site as well as complete intron retention would result in in-frame stop codons (asterisks). The amino acid sequence used for the generation of Pclo 49 is displayed beneath the nucleotide sequence. <b>B</b>: RT-PCR of cDNA from cortex, retina, isolated cone photoreceptor (cone phrs) and rod bipolar cells (rod bcs) with primers flanking intron 5/6 in the <i>Pclo</i> gene. <b>C</b>: Western blot of wild-type retina and cortex synaptosomal fractions probed with Pclo 49 against the first 23 amino acids of intron 5/6 in the <i>Pclo</i> gene. Pclo 49 labels a ∼350 kDa band in the retina, but not in cortex (left panel). Pre-incubation of Pclo 49 with the antigenic peptide completely abolished the labeling (right panel). bp: base pairs; kDa: kilo-Dalton.</p

Missing interactions of Piccolino with Bsn and Munc13.

<p><b>A</b>: Schematic representation of full-length Pclo with its interaction domains (<i>dark gray</i> boxes) and known binding partners. The C-terminally truncated Piccolino lacks the C-terminal interactions. <b>B–G</b>: <i>In situ</i> proximity ligation assays (PLA) on vertical sections through wild-type retina (black and white panels) with corresponding fluorescence stainings. Positive control: interaction of RIBEYE and Bsn with the antibodies RIBEYE (green) and Bsn mab7f (magenta; <b>B</b>). Negative control: antibody Bsn mab7f (green) alone (<b>C</b>). Interaction of full-length Pclo with Bsn (<b>D</b>) and Munc13 (<b>E</b>) probed with the antibodies Pclo 6 (green), Bsn mab7f (magenta), and panMunc13 (magenta). Interaction of Piccolino with Bsn (<b>F</b>) and Munc13 (<b>G</b>) probed with the antibodies Pclo 49 (green), Bsn mab7f (magenta), and panMunc13 (magenta). ONL: outer nuclear layer; OPL: outer plexiform layer; INL: inner nuclear layer; IPL: inner plexiform layer; GCL: ganglion cell layer. Scale bar: 20 µm.</p

Localization of full-length Pclo at different types of ribbon synapses.

<p><b>A</b>: Wild-type (+/+) and Pclo-mutant (−/−) retinae stained with the C-terminally binding Pclo 6 against full-length Pclo. <b>B</b>: Inner plexiform layer (IPL) of +/+ retina double labeled for full-length Pclo (Pclo 6; <i>green</i>) and CtBP2/RIBEYE (<i>magenta</i>). <b>C–E</b>: Pre-embedding immunoelectron micrographs of a rod photoreceptor (<b>C</b>), cone photoreceptor (<b>D</b>), and rod bipolar cell (rbc) ribbon synapse (<b>E</b>) in the +/+ retina stained with Pclo 6. Only amacrine cell synapses (<b>E</b>; asterisk) and never ribbon synapses (<b>C</b>–<b>E</b>; arrowheads) were stained for full-length Pclo. <b>F</b>: Inner hair cells (ihc) double labeled for full-length Pclo (Pclo 6; <i>green</i>) and CtBP2/RIBEYE (<i>magenta</i>). Nuclei (stained with DAPI, not shown) are circled with dotted lines. Arrowheads point to ribbon synapses, arrows demarcate conventional chemical synapses. ONL: outer nuclear layer; OPL: outer plexiform layer; INL: inner nuclear layer; GCL: ganglion cell layer. hc: horizontal cell; bc: bipolar cell; ac: amacrine cell. Scale bar in A,B: 20 µm, C-E: 200 nm, F: 5 µm.</p

Localization of Piccolino at different types of ribbon synapses in the mouse.

<p><b>A</b>: Outer plexiform layer (OPL) of +/+ retina triple labeled with Pclo 49 (labels Piccolino; <i>green</i>), Pclo 44a (labels Pclo and Piccolino; <i>red</i>), and an antibody against CtBP2/RIBEYE (<i>blue</i>). <b>B</b>: Inner plexiform layer (IPL) of +/+ retina triple labeled with Pclo 49 (labels Piccolino; <i>green</i>), Pclo 44a (labels Pclo and Piccolino; <i>red</i>), and an antibody against CtBP2/RIBEYE (<i>blue</i>). Arrowheads point to ribbon synapses, arrows demarcate Pclo 44a single stained conventional chemical synapses. <b>C</b>: Inner hair cells (ihc) triple labeled with Pclo 49 (labels Piccolino; <i>green</i>), Pclo 44a (labels Pclo and Piccolino; <i>red</i>), and an antibody against CtBP2/RIBEYE (<i>blue</i>). Nuclei (stained with DAPI, not shown) are circled with dotted lines. Arrowheads point to ribbon synapses, arrows demarcate conventional chemical synapses. Scale bar in A,B: 10 µm, C: 5 µm.</p

Presence of Pclo at retinal ribbon synapses in the Pclo-mutant mouse.

<p><b>A</b>: Schematic representation of Pclo. The exons (numbered light gray boxes), interaction domains (dark gray boxes), and epitope locations for the three polyclonal antibodies Pclo 4, Pclo 44a, and Pclo 6 are shown. Exon 14 (black box) is deleted in the Pclo-mutant (−/−) mouse. <b>B</b>: Nomarski micrograph and images of vertical sections through wild-type (+/+) and −/− retina stained with Pclo 44a. <b>C</b>: Synaptic ribbons in the outer plexiform layer (OPL) of the −/− retina double labeled for Pclo (Pclo 44a; <i>green</i>) and RIBEYE (<i>magenta</i>). <b>D</b>: Inner plexiform layer (IPL) in the +/+ and −/− retina double labeled for Pclo (Pclo 44a; <i>green</i>) and RIBEYE (<i>magenta</i>). Arrows depict single Pclo positive puncta. <b>E-G</b>: Electron micrographs of rod (<b>E</b>) and cone (<b>F</b>) photoreceptor, and rod bipolar cell (<b>G</b>) ribbon synapses from +/+ and −/− retina. Arrowheads point to synaptic ribbons. <b>H</b>: Western blots of cortex and retina synaptosomal fractions from +/+ and −/− mice probed with the three different Pclo antibodies. ONL: outer nuclear layer; INL: inner nuclear layer; GCL: ganglion cell layer; hc: horizontal cell; bc: bipolar cell; ac: amacrine cell; kDa: kilo-Dalton. Scale bar in B: 20 µm, D: 10 µm, E–G: 200 nm.</p