RAms_exp2_3

data set for analysis of correlation between change in log population size (t48 minus t24) and frequency of antibiotic-resistant type in the population. Column 1: antibiotic dose; column 2: change in population size; column 3: frequency of resistant type

Rams_exp1_1

experiment 1: data set for survival analysis. column 1: population type {clonal, diversified}; column 2: antibiotic dose; column 3: population survival {alive, dead

Rams_exp1_2

Data set for time series analysis of population size in experiment 1, during the first 22h. column 1: population type {clonal, diversified}; column 2: antibiotic dose; column 3: population replicate; column 4: time {hours}; column 5: log10(population size+1); column 6: future population rescue {alive, dead

Rams_exp2_2

data set for time series analysis of population size during experiment 2. Column 1: population type {0.2ml, 1.5ml volume}; column 2: population rescue {alive, dead after 86h}; column 3: antibiotic dose; column 4: population identity; column 5: time {hours}; column 6: log10(population size+1

Rams_exp2_4

data file for analysis of final (t=86h) population size in rescued (1.5ml volume) populations and frequency of antibiotic resistant types in these populations. Column 1: antibiotic dose; column 2: frequency of resistant type; column 3: log10(population size+1)

Changes in bacterial density over the course of the experiment.

<p>The six lower panels show the single antibiotic treatment (“single-strep”) and the combined phage-strep treatment, for different addition times (red dotted lines) of the antibiotic streptomycin and for two antibiotic doses. The top-left panel shows the single-phage treatment and the unexposed control lines.</p

Mean (± SE) resistance of final bacterial populations (70 h) from single (strep or phage) and combined (phage-strep) treatments.

<p>Control lines were untreated, and ancestral bacteria regrown from frozen stocks for the assay (a) Streptomycin resistance, assessed as the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC, in µg/mL). (b) Resistance to ancestral phage, calculated as the difference in optical density (OD, log-transformed) (+1) of bacteria in the presence and absence of phage, measured in a 24-h growth assay. (c) Resistance to evolved phage, as measured in (b). Note that the lines connect final densities for independently tested addition times, and do not represent time series of bacterial density.</p

Final bacterial densities.

<p>(a) Effects of single treatments (single-strep, single-phage) and combined treatments (phage-strep), for different addition times of the antibiotic streptomycin in mean (± SE) final bacterial densities (70 h). Control lines were untreated, and ancestral bacteria regrown from frozen stocks for the assay. Note that the lines connect final densities for independently tested addition times, and do not represent time series of bacterial density. (b) Expected and observed density in the combined treatments, for the different antibiotic addition times. Expected density extrapolated from single treatments, assuming additive action of antibiotic and phage.</p

Overview of the experimental design.

<p>Exponentially growing bacteria were treated with (i) only phage (at 0 h), (ii) only antibiotic (1 dose at 0 h, 12 h, or 24 h) or (iii) first phage and then antibiotic (1 dose at 0 h, 12 h, or 24 h). Replicate populations of the bacteria were sampled at 0 h, 14 h, 45 h and 70 h, for density and resistance measurements. All antibiotic treatments were repeated for two streptomycin doses (100 and 240 µg/mL).</p

data_inference

Data used to infer parameters values. The 72 evolved strains are identified by number, while ancestor are labelled "Ancestor". Five variables have been measured: time, Cell concentration, ethanol concentration, glucose concentration and percentage of living cell. The percentage of living cells is only measured for time 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours