Internet protocol over wireless sensor networks, from myth to reality

Internet Protocol (IP) is a standard network layer protocol of the Internet architecture, allowing communication among heterogeneous networks. For a given network to be accessible from the Internet it must have a router that complies with this protocol. Wireless sensor networks have many smart sensing nodes with computational, communication and sensing capabilities. Such smart sensors cooperate to gather relevant data and present it to the user. The connection of sensor networks and the Internet has been realized using gateway or proxy- based approaches. Historically, several routing protocols were specifically created, discarding IP. However, recent research, prototypes and even implementation tools show that it is possible to combine the advantages of IP access with sensor networks challenges, with a major contribution from the 6LoWPAN Working Group. This paper presents the advantages and challenges of IP on sensor networks, surveys the state-of-art with some implementation examples, and points further research topics in this area

A group-based wireless body sensors network using energy harvesting for soccer team monitoring

[EN] In team-based sports, it is difficult to monitor physical state of each athlete during the match. Wearable body sensors with wireless connections allow having low-power and low-size devices, that may use energy harvesting, but with low radio coverage area but the main issue comes from the mobility. This paper presents a wireless body sensors network for soccer team players' monitoring. Each player has a body sensor network that use energy harvesting and each player will be a node in the wireless sensor network. This proposal is based on the zone mobility of the players and their dynamism. It allows knowing the physical state of each player during the whole match. Having fast updates and larger connection times to the gateways, the information can be routed through players of both teams, thus a secure system has been added. Simulations show that the proposed system has very good performance in high mobility.This work has been partially supported by the Instituto de Telecomunicacoes, Next Generation Networks and Applications Group (NetGNA), Portugal, by Government of Russian Federation, Grant 074-U01, by National Funding from the FCT - Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia through the PEst-OE/EEI/LA0008/2013 Project.Lloret, J.; García Pineda, M.; Catala Monzo, A.; Rodrigues, JJPC. (2016). A group-based wireless body sensors network using energy harvesting for soccer team monitoring. International Journal of Sensor Networks. 21(4):208-225. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSNET.2016.079172S20822521

Exploring Social Networks and Improving Hypertext Results for Cloud Solutions

[EN] Internet technologies are constantly evolving as well as the way people use them. Search engines help users to find higher and better relevant results to their searches. Cloud Computing is an evolution of the Internet services and provides a step further ecosystem that can be used to improve the search of more relevant results. Each search engine is based on different modules in order to retrieve the results expected by users using specific keywords. Social networks appear as a reliable Web technology that can directly support a content search. Several studies have been performed showing the growth of social networks in people lives. Using the cloud computing paradigm it is possible to propose a more scalable and efficient way to explore public information available on online social networks. This paper includes the analyses of several social networks services, available contents, cloud-crawlers, and information extraction. In order to collect relevant data from social networks, a social crawler on cloud is proposed. The new approach provides a cloud-based crawler for low-cost, effective, and personalized search models. Moreover, a new algorithm to rank Web documents is proposed and demonstrated. The proposed system is evaluated in comparison with the top Internet search engine, Google, its behavior is very promising, and it is ready for use.This work has been partially supported by Instituto de Telecomunicações, Next Generation Networks and Applications Group (NetGNA), Covilhã Delegation, by National Funding from the FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia through the UID/EEA/500008/2013 Project.Costa, J.; Rodrigues, JJPC.; Simões, T.; Lloret, J. (2016). Exploring Social Networks and Improving Hypertext Results for Cloud Solutions. Mobile Networks and Applications. 21(1):215-221. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11036-014-0513-zS215221211Batsakis S, Petrakis EGM, Milios E (2009) Improving the performance of focused web crawlers. Data Knowl Eng 68(10):1001–1013Brin S, Page L (1998) The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual Web search engine. In: Proceedings of the seventh international conference on World Wide Web 7. Elsevier Science Publishers B. V., Brisbane, pp 107–117Brin S, Page L (1998) The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual Web search engine. Comput Netw ISDN Syst 30(1-7):107–117Chen M, Maom S, Liu Y (171–209) Big data: a survey. Mob Netw Appl 19 (2). doi: 10.1007/s11036-013-0489-0Dixit A, Sharma AK (2010) A mathematical model for crawler revisit frequency. In: IEEE 2nd international advance computing conference (IACC), pp 316-319, vol 19Gori M, Numerico T (2003) Social networks and web minorities. Cogn Syst Res 4(4):355–364Gupta A, Jindal R (2008) An overview of ranking algorithms for search engines. 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Distributed intelligence and data fusion for sensor systems

Sensor systems can monitor any type of parameter which is ideal for gathering information from the real world. The next step is to promote the research of distribute intelligence in sensor systems in order to let the sensors be smart and take their own decisions, and propose new data fusion techniques and methods in order to obtain the appropriate data and accurate results. In this paper we summarise a Special Issue that tackles the distributed intelligence and data fusion for sensor systems from the perspective of coding and channel allocation, data aggregation and data storage, routing, security, mobility and distributed services. This paper introduces the reader to those main hot topics and summarises the recent advances provided by the papers published in this Special Issue. © 2011 The Institution of Engineering and Technology.Shu, L.; Lloret, J.; Rodrigues, JJPC.; Chen, M. (2011). Distributed intelligence and data fusion for sensor systems. IET Communications. 5(12):1633-1636. doi:10.1049/iet-com.2011.0534S16331636512Zhang, L., Cui, T., Ho, T., & Zhang, X.-D. (2010). Power scheduling of distributed estimation in sensor networks with repetition coding. Signal Processing, 90(3), 946-951. doi:10.1016/j.sigpro.2009.07.032Lin, K. (2010). Multi-Attribute Data Fusion for Energy Equilibrium Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks. KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems, 5-24. doi:10.3837/tiis.2010.01.001Bass, T. (2000). Intrusion detection systems and multisensor data fusion. Communications of the ACM, 43(4), 99-105. doi:10.1145/332051.332079Lim, A. (2001). Distributed services for information dissemination in self-organizing sensor networks. Journal of the Franklin Institute, 338(6), 707-727. doi:10.1016/s0016-0032(01)00020-

The Plethora of Research in Internet of Things (IoT)

International audienceThe plethora of research, standardization and developments in Internet of Things (IoT) has increased enormously in recent years. This is due to the vast scope of IoT. Internet of Things refers to the worldwide network of interconnected objects, which allow people or things to be connected anytime, anyplace, with anything and anyone, using any path, any network and any service. The objects have different characteristics: mobile or static, with or without energy constraint, different computation and storage capabilities, equipped with different communication technologies and sensors, etc

Intra-Mobility Support Solutions for Healthcare Wireless Sensor Networks-Handover Issues

International audienceAt present, several solutions are available for monitoring patient health using body sensors. In hospitals, healthcare wireless sensor networks (HWSNs) offer support to access these sensors to allow for continuous patient monitoring. To improve the quality-of-life of the hospitalized patients, it is important to let them walk around the monitored area. This ability brings several challenges to HWSNs with mobility support. Because of the crucial importance of the sensed parameters, the HWSNs must be in continuous communication with the body sensors. The connection between body sensors and a HWSN is performed through an access point. Indoor communications are limited in terms of signal propagation and, therefore, several access points to cover large areas are deployed. To maintain the sensors' accessibility, these should frequently change their point of attachment by performing a mechanism known as a handover. Handover mechanisms are able to support the intra-mobility of sensors in networks within the same domain. This paper surveys the most recent intra-mobility solutions with special focus on handover approaches that can be used in HWSNs. An in depth review of the related literature is performed in order to present the state of the art on this paper, to discuss the available solutions, and to point out open issues for further research

Performance Analysis of Aggregation Algorithms for Vehicular Delay Tolerant Networks

Vehicular delay-tolerant networks (VDTNs) were proposed as an alternative network architecture for sparse vehicular communications and provide inter-networking between heterogeneous networks. The main objective of this work includes the presentation of solutions to aggregate IP packets into VDTN bundles and their performance assessment analysis. This paper presents the performance evaluation of several aggregation algorithms based on time and bundle size values with different traffic loads. Different classes of datagrams are used to evaluate the quality of service (QoS) in VDTNs. Single-class and composite-class schemes were created to optimize the aggregation of different packet classes. A laboratory testbed, called VDTN@Lab, was used to evaluate the performance of these algorithms. The hybrid algorithm and the composite-class scheme present the best performance for different types of traffic load and best priorities distribution, respectively.Isento, JNG.; Rodrigues, JJPC.; Sendra, S.; Han, G. (2014). Performance Analysis of Aggregation Algorithms for Vehicular Delay Tolerant Networks. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 8487:419-431. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-07425-2_31S4194318487Asplund, M., Nadjm-Tehrani, S., Sigholm, J.: Emerging information infrastructures: Cooperation in disasters. In: Setola, R., Geretshuber, S. (eds.) CRITIS 2008. LNCS, vol. 5508, pp. 258–270. Springer, Heidelberg (2009)Networking for Communications Challenged Communities: Architecture, Test Beds and Innovative Alliances, http://www.n4c.eu/Wizzy Digital Courier - leveraging locality, http://www.wizzy.org.za/Maqsood, A., Khan, R.: Vehicular ad-hoc networks. International Journal of Computer Science 9(1), 401–408 (2012)IETF MANET Working Group, http://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/manet/charter/Cerf, V., Burleigh, S., Hooke, A., Torgerson, L., Durst, R.: Delay-tolerant networking architecture. RFC 4838 (2007)Isento, J., Rodrigues, J., Dias, J., Paula, M., Vinel, A.: Vehicular delay-tolerant networks - a novel solution for vehicular communications. IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine 5(4), 10–19 (2013)Dias, J., Rodrigues, J., Isento, J.: Performance assessment of fragmentation mechanisms for vehicular delay-tolerant networks. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking (1), 195 (2011)Rodrigues, J.: Optical Burst Switching Networks: Architectures and Protocols. Fundação Nova Europa, Universidade da Beira Interior Portugal (2008)Zhang, D., Ge, L., Hardy, R., Yu, W., Zhang, H., Reschly, R.: On effective data aggregation techniques in host-based intrusion detection in manet. In: IEEEConsumer Communications and Networking Conference (CCNC 2013), pp. 85–90 (January 2013)Mysirlidis, C., Galiotos, P., Dagiuklas, T., Kotsopoulos, S.: Performance quality evaluation with voip traffic aggregation in mobile ad-hoc networks. In: IEEE 14th International Symposium and Workshops on a World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks (WoWMoM 2013), pp. 1–6 (June 2013)Huang, C.-M., Yang, C.-C., Lin, H.-Y.: A bandwidth aggregation scheme for member-based cooperative networking over the hybrid vanet. In: IEEE 17th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS 2011), pp. 436–443 (December 2011)Huang, C.-M., Lin, T.-H., Tseng, K.-C.: Bandwidth aggregation over vanet using the geographic member-centric routing protocol (gmr). In: 12th International Conference on ITS Telecommunications (ITST 2012), pp. 737–742 (November 2012)Saleet, H., Basir, O.: Location-based message aggregation in vehicular ad hoc networks. In: IEEE Globecom Workshops, pp. 1–7 (November 2007)Wang, T.-P., Chen, Y.-C.: Adaptive packet aggregation for header compression in vehicular wireless networks. In: IEEE 13th International Conference on High Performance Computing and Communications (HPCC 2011), pp. 935–939 (September 2011)Wang, R., Wei, Z., Zhang, Q., Hou, J.: Ltp aggregation of dtn bundles in space communications. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems 49(3), 1677–1691 (2013)Wei, Z., Wang, R., Zhang, Q., Hou, J.: Aggregation of dtn bundles for channel asymmetric space communications. In: IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC 2012), pp. 5205–5209 (June 2012)Hu, J., Wang, R., Zhang, Q., Wei, Z., Hou, J.: Aggregation of dtn bundles for space internetworking systems. IEEE Systems Journal 7(4), 658–668 (2013)Fajardo, J., Yasumoto, K., Shibata, N., Ito, M.: Dtn-based data aggregation for timely information collection in disaster areas. In: IEEE 8th International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob 2012), pp. 333–340 (October 2012)Isento, J., Dias, J., Rodrigues, J., Chen, M., Lin, K.: The effect of bundle aggregation on the performance of vehicular delay-tolerant networks. In: IEEE 8th International Conference on Mobile Adhoc and Sensor Systems (MASS 2011), pp. 813–818 (October 2011)Isento, J., Dias, J., Rodrigues, J., Chen, M., Lin, K.: Performance assessment of aggregation and de-aggregation algorithms for vehicular delay-tolerant networks. In: IEEE 8th International Conference on Mobile Adhoc and Sensor Systems (MASS 2011), pp.158–160 (October 2011)Paula, M., Isento, J.N., Dias, J., Rodrigues, J.: A real-world VDTN testbed for advanced vehicular services and applications. In: IEEE 16th International Workshop on Computer Aided Modeling and Design of Communication Links and Networks (CAMAD 2011), pp. 16–20 (2011

Impact of sensor nodes scaling and velocity on handover mechanisms for healthcare wireless sensor networks with mobility support

International audienceHealth promotion in hospital environments can be improved using the most recent information andcommunication technologies. The Internet connectivity to small sensor nodes carried by patients allowsremote access to their bio-signals. To promote these features the healthcare wireless sensor networks(HWSN) are used. In these networks mobility support is a key issue in order to keep patients under realtimemonitoring even when they move around. To keep sensors connected to the network, they shouldchange their access points of attachment when patients move to a new coverage area along an infirmary.This process, called handover, is responsible for continuous network connectivity to the sensors. Thispaper presents a detailed performance evaluation study considering three handover mechanisms forhealthcare scenarios (Hand4MAC, RSSI-based, and Backbone-based). The study was performed bysimulation using several scenarios with different number of sensors and different moving velocities ofsensor nodes. The results show that Hand4MAC is the best solution to guarantee almost continuousconnectivity to sensor nodes with less energy consumption

Distributed Media-Aware Flow Scheduling in Cloud Computing Environment

Media-aware flow scheduling in cloud computing environment has attracted much attention nowadays because of the new possibilities they bring to many research and industry fields. Particularly, body area networks, as a typical computing environment application in healthcare, allow ubiquitous monitoring of patients, and more thorough patient diagnoses can be done with the help of multimedia service. In this work, we propose a novel media-aware flow scheduling architecture with the aims of improving the multimedia quality and increasing the network¿s lifetime. In order to avoid interfering with the multimedia applications¿ delay requirements, this work also proposes to analyze frames delay and jitter. The proposal has proven to improve the multimedia quality and decrease the transmission delay in a controllable manner, and thus the tradeoffs between QoS, lifetime, and delay requirements can be achieved according to the consideredThis work has been partially supported by Instituto de Telecomunicacoes, Next Generation Networks and Applications Group (NetG-NA), Portugal, and by National Funding from the FCT - Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia through the pest-OE/EEI/LA0008/2011.Puga Coelho Rodrigues, JJ.; Zhou, L.; Mendes, LDP.; Lin, K.; Lloret, J. (2012). Distributed Media-Aware Flow Scheduling in Cloud Computing Environment. COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS. 35(15):1819-1827. doi:10.1016/j.comcom.2012.03.004S18191827351