An inquiry into the green disciplining of capital

'Following the money' has become a popular strategy for many NGOs trying to change corporate and institutional practice. Individual shareholders, pension funds, banks, and other investors capitalize projects that cause ecological degradation or social injustice. Pressuring shareholders to divest, invest responsibly, or encourage executives to alter undesirable practices has become de rigueur for civil-society groups working for social change. Such strategies produce value or norm change, greater accountability, activist networks across national boundaries, and improvements in environmental management. Disinvestment helped bring down apartheid in South Africa. But how far can these 'disciplining' strategies go in terms of significantly ameliorating ecological destruction and violations of human rights? I explore this question using the case study of the campaign by Friends of the Earth against the operations of Freeport - McMoRan Copper and Gold Inc. in Irian Jaya (West Papua).

Killing for profit: Global livestock industries and their socio-ecological implications

Global Political Ecology67-8

Fixed minerals, scalar politics: the weight of scale in conflicts over the ‘1872 Mining Law’ in the United States

In this paper, we seek to demonstrate the continued utility of research into the social production of scale in relation to the politics of natural-resource distribution, ownership, and control. While traditionally oriented toward sociospatial theory and urban governance, research has begun to convey the importance of scale as a discursive framing device at the center of multiple kinds of environmental politics. Our approach draws from recent literature to show the material-discursive ‘difference that nature makes’ in constituting the grounds of scalar struggle in mineral development. We argue that the fixity of certain natural-resource deposits and the concomitant local socioecological impact of extraction stands in stark contradiction to the multiscalar forces that vie over their development. Our central argument is that this contradiction ensures that struggles over natural-resource development are necessarily struggles over scale—the scale of ownership and the scale of distributional benefits and costs. The politics of natural resources must be couched in scalar terms and those who gain access to resources must build stable institutional – scalar platforms for the production of resource wealth. We illustrate this through an analysis of US Congressional debate over reform of the infamous ‘1872 Mining Law’ in 1993 as an exemplary moment of scalar politics. In this case, we not only attempt to show how the concept of scale frames these debates, but also how the failure to reform the 19th-century law allowed for the institutional materialization of particular scalar conduits for capital accumulation in the mining sector.

Animal Geographies

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Monitoring geomorphic and hydrologic change at mine sites using satellite imagery: The Geita Gold Mine in Tanzania

Large surface mining operations typically involve not only multiple pits but also the creation of new mountains of tailings. These operations dramatically change the local watershed topography and expose downslope agricultural fields and forest to tailings runoff. Given that most mine tailings expose large quantities of surface area to oxidation and transport by water, any heavy metals associated with the deposit are mobilized to move along with the runoff. In Tanzania, the Geita Gold Mine (GGM) area is such a site and the Government of Tanzania has yet to develop a water monitoring network to protect villages adjacent to the mines. As a result, mining company data are the only data available to monitor water supply and quality. Typically in mining and oil sand extraction, geospatial data are used to report and monitor land reclamation at the mining site, and while these efforts are useful, they do not consider hydrologic changes and risks. In this paper we evaluate the use of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data from the Space shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) and the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) in an effort to identify the changes in local topography and surface hydrology around the GGM and assess the implications these changes have for the potential increased mobility of tailings and their effects upon farmers, village water supplies, and community forests using a hydrologic flow model. Results reveal that over 13 million m3 of material has been removed from the main mining pits at GGM while over 81 million m3 of material has been deposited elsewhere in tailings piles and waste dumps. These topographical changes have had a profound influence on the local surface hydrology, with some stream channels shifting up to 3 km from their original paths. Overall, approximately 37 km2 of cultivated land is within the watersheds associated with potentially polluted streams and that future mining operations could impact up to 63 km2 of cultivated land

Reanimating Cultural Geography

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