Obtaining a second opinion is a neglected source of health care inequalities

Abstract Observational studies have detected discrepancies between two expert interpreters of imaging and histopathological studies. Furthermore, in a substantial proportion of patients, an independent second opinion disagreed with the first one. Therefore, it is widely accepted that patients have a right to obtain a second opinion and, in case of divergent opinions, to deliberate and choose the option that they believe is most consistent with their individual circumstances. However, doctors are less likely to inform old and poorly educated patients about the possibility of seeking a second opinion, and this may contribute to healthcare inequalities. Hence the importance of (a) promoting doctors’ self-awareness of a possible tendency to discriminate against old and poorly educated patients, and (b) creating programs within the healthcare system that would help patients in seeking a second opinion, suggest specialists for the specific problem of the patient, and provide tools to reconcile between discrepant opinions

Additional file 1 of Trust in public health policy in the time of the COVID-19 epidemic in Israel

Supplementary Material

The effect of clinical interventions on hospital readmissions: a meta-review of published meta-analyses

Abstract Background The economic impact and ease of measurement of all-cause hospital readmission rates (HRR) have led to the current debate as to whether they are reducible, and whether they should be used as a publicly reported quality indicators of medical care. Objective To assess the efficacy of broad clinical interventions in preventing HRR of patients with chronic diseases Method A meta-review of published systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of clinical interventions that have included HRR among the patients' outcomes of interest. Main findings Meta-analyses of RCTs have consistently found that, in the community, disease management programs significantly reduced HRR in patients with heart failure, coronary heart disease and bronchial asthma, but not in patients with stroke and in unselected patients with chronic disorders. Inhospital interventions, such as discharge planning, pharmacological consultations and multidisciplinary care, and community interventions in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases had an inconsistent effect on HRR. Main study limitation Despite their economic impact and ease of measurement, HRR are not the most important outcome of patient care, and efforts aimed at their reduction may compromise patients' health by reducing also justified re-admissions. Conclusions The efficacy of inhospital interventions in reducing HRR is in need of further study. In patients with heart diseases and bronchial asthma, HRR may be considered as a publicly reported quality indicator of community care, provided that future research confirms that efforts to reduce HRR do not adversely affect other patients’ outcomes, such as mortality, functional capacity and quality of life. Future research should also focus on the reasons for the higher efficacy of community interventions in patients with heart diseases and bronchial asthma than in those with other chronic diseases.</p

Factors associated with microhematuria in asymptomatic young men. Clin Chem

The prevalence of asymptomatic microhematuria (two to four or more erythrocytes per high-power field) in 1341 male Air Force personnel was 5.4%. The most powerful predictor of microhematuna (nearly 15-fold increased prevalence) was a history of recurrent microhematuria during the previous five years. Recurrent microscopic hematuna was present in 14.5 % (8/55) of men with a history of urethritis, accounting for 26 % (8/31) of the cases of recurrent microscopic hematuria. The prevalence of microhematuria was not affected by physical exercise, flight duty, or sexual intercourse during the 24 h preceding the urinalysis. AddItional Keyphrases: erythrocytes ‘ urine urethritis Asymptomatic microhematuria is a common diagnostic problem in clinical practice. The prevalence of two to four erythrocytes per high-power-microscopic field varies fro