A qualitative exploration of substitutes' experiences in soccer.

The purpose of this study was to conduct a qualitative exploration of the substitute role in an attempt to uncover detailed understanding of soccer players’ experiences. Twenty soccer substitutes were individually interviewed. Inductive content analysis revealed that they experienced mainly negative organizational, person and competitive factors as substitutes, with fewer positive experiences. Organizational factors were: receiving short notice, segregation, poor coach communication, inactivity and restricted preparation. Person factors were: dissatisfaction with status, self-presentation and impression motivation concerns, reduced control over performance and coach’s decisions, reduced motivation to prepare, negative emotions and elevated state anxiety. Positive responses were: role acceptance, remaining focused, enthusiastic and confident and performing well. Sport psychologists, teammates and coaches should be aware of these experiences and how they can help substitutes cope with their role

Preface

First paragraph: It may come as a shock to some but possibly the most supremely confident athlete of modern times, Muhammad Ali, experienced emotions prior to competing that all of us can recognize. What is also apparent, given Ali’s legendary status as a sportsman, that he was able to cope with these emotions, clearly crucial in a sport such as boxing where failure to do so could have substantial consequences for the athlete. The emotional highs and lows of competitive sport, whether experienced as a competitor, spectator or coach may be the essential ingredient that gives sport its universal and compelling appeal. Who could fail to share the intense anticipation, nervousness, excitement, relief and jubilation when Cathy Freeman won 400 metres gold in front of a frenzied home crowd at the 2000 Sydney Olympics

Coping and emotion in sport: Future directions

First paragraph: The chapters presented in this book provide a current overview of theory and research pertaining to coping and emotion in sport. The geographical diversity of the authors (Europe, United States of America, and Australia) testifies to the universality of the topic. The diversity of theoretical approaches employed also hints at a vibrant and complex area of study. Notwithstanding the diversity of the book’s content, we believe that themes emerge which indicate future directions for the study of coping and emotion in sport. In the following pages we outline some of these themes, which are our current thoughts on the area having been involved in editing the book for some 18 months. We do not claim this to be an exhaustive list of areas for future work nor a summary of the research suggestions highlighted in each chapter, but rather a reflection of our own current interests and biases

Telic-paratelic Dominance and State Effects on Responses to Resistance and Endurance Exercise

We examined the influence of opposite states of mind (the “telic” vs. “paratelic” state) and dominances (personality characteristics that reflect a preference for one of these states) on emotion and stress responses to exercise. Telic dominant participants completing resistance exercise in the telic state condition reported decreased relaxation from pre- to post-exercise. All participants reported more pleasant emotions when performing endurance exercise in the telic state condition. In contrast, in the paratelic state condition, they reported increased anxiety. These results lend mixed support for previous research but suggest that meta-motivational state is more influential than dominance.fals

The emotional response to athletic injury: Re-injury anxiety

First paragraph: Injury is often an unfortunate consequence of participation in sport. With increased participation, and subsequent increased injury rates, athletic injury is now a significant health concern (Brewer, 1998). Some studies have clearly demonstrated that athletic injury has, not only a physical, but also, an emotional impact upon the injured athlete (e.g., Daly, Brewer, Van Raalte, Petitpas, & Sklar, 1995; Gould, Udry, Bridges, & Beck, 1997; Smith, Scott, O’Fallon, & Young, 1990)

Motivational processes and well-being in cardiac rehabilitation:A self-determination theory perspective

This research examined the processes underpinning changes in psychological well-being and behavioural regulation in Cardiac Rehabilitation (CR) patients using Self-Determination Theory (SDT; Deci & Ryan, 1985). A repeated measures design was used to identify the longitudinal relationships between SDT variables, psychological well-being and exercise behaviour during and following a structured CR programme. Participants were 389 cardiac patients (aged 36-84 years; Mage = 64 ± 9 years; 34.3% female) referred to a 12 week supervised CR programme. Psychological need satisfaction, behavioural regulation, health-related quality of life, physical self-worth, anxiety and depression were measured at programme entry, exit and 6 month post-programme. During the programme, increases in autonomy satisfaction predicted positive changes in behavioural regulation, and improvements in competence and relatedness satisfaction predicted improvements in behavioural regulation and well-being. Competence satisfaction also positively predicted habitual physical activity. Decreases in external regulation and, increases in intrinsic motivation, predicted improvements in physical self-worth and physical well-being respectively. Significant longitudinal relationships were identified whereby changes during the programme predicted changes in habitual physical activity and the mental quality of life from exit to 6 month follow-up. Findings provide insight into the factors explaining psychological changes seen during CR. They highlight the importance of increasing patients’ perceptions of psychological need satisfaction and self-determined motivation to improve well-being during the structured component of a CR programme and longer-term physical activity

Motivational State Does Not Affect All-Out Short Duration Exercise Performance

Introduction: The preferred motivational state (telic or paratelic), i.e., dominance, has been linked to the type of activity sports people participate in. As such, positive or negative performance may occur if there is a mismatch between the activity and the required state. This study set out to examine the effects of altering telic or paratelic motivational states and thus induce the ?misfit effect? in order to quantify the influences on emotions and performance during allout, short duration cycle performance. Methods: Based on paratelic dominance scale (PDS) scores participants completed the Wingate anaerobic test (WAT) on two separate occasions in their preferred and non-preferred motivational state. Special video display method was used to manipulate participants to their non-preferred motivational state and verified via the telic state measure (TSM) test prior to performing the Wingate test (WT). Changes in emotion and stress levels were recorded using the tension and effort stress inventory (TESI) along with heart rate variability (HRV) data obtained from electrocardiogram (ECG). Peak power (PP), mean power (MP) and fatigue index (FI) obtained from the WT were used to assess all-out athletic performance. Results: The main findings show that there was no link between dominant motivational state and anaerobic cycle performance (p>0.05) and that successful manipulation of motivational state (p<0.05) did not influence perceived levels or physiological levels of stress (p>0.05) and did not affect all-out, short duration cycle performance (p<0.05). Conclusion: As such, coaches, support staff and athletes do not have to worry about a particular state in regards to telic or paratelic in an acute time frame, as long as the athlete?s arousal levels and emotional conditions are optimal.publishersversionPeer reviewe

Cardiac rehabilitation and psychological well-being

The aim of this chapter is to address psychological issues associated with effective multidimensional cardiac rehabilitation programmes. Cardiac rehabilitation is defined as: “the sum of activities required to influence favourably the underlying cause of the disease, as well as the best possible, physical, mental and social conditions, so that they (people) may, by their own efforts preserve or resume when lost, as normal a place as possible in the community. Rehabilitation cannot be regarded as an isolated form or stage of therapy but must be integrated within secondary prevention services of which it forms only one facet” (World Health Organisation, 1993). The chapter will: discuss the impact of CHD in the UK, provide an overview of the Government strategy for reducing the burden of cardiac disease and disability, and review quantitative evidence discussing the effectiveness of cardiac rehabilitation on the mental health and well-being of cardiac patients, with particular reference to anxiety and depression states. The final part of this chapter presents results of a qualitative study, previously reported in Hudson, Board, and, Lavallee (2001) that examined the psychosocial impact of cardiac disease and rehabilitation for patients attending one cardiac rehabilitation scheme in England