The Influence of Fertilization with Phosphorus, Sulphate, Carbon and Nitrogen Content on Hydrolases Activities in Soil

The paper presents the results of the study connected with determining the contents of total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (PE-R), sulphate sulphur (S-SO4 2-), and the activity of acid phosphatase (AcP) and arylsulphatase (ARS) in Haplic Luvisol (LVh) fertilised with varied farmyard manure (FYM) doses (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 t ha-1) and nitrogen in the form of ammonium nitrate (N0, N1, N2, N3). The experiment involved a 4-year crop-rotation (2005-2009). A significant effect of fertilisation with farmyard manure (FYM), ammonium sulphate and the selection of crops in crop rotation on the content of TOC and TN was found. The content of phosphorus available to plants was significantly higher in the soil sampled in the third year of research under spring barley fertilised with the FYM at the dose of 60 t ha-1 and nitrogen at the dose of N2. The activity of acid phosphatase in soil increased with increasing nitrogen doses. The mean amount of sulphates classifies the soil as representing a very high richness and guarantees a good supply of plants with that nutrient. The greatest activity of arylsulphatase was reported in the samples of the soil fertilised with the FYM at the amount of 80 kg ha-1

The CRM system and its role in raising the competitiveness of enterprises

The globalisation of countries’ economies and the growth of the market in the West are becoming important factors determining the activity of enterprises. In this changing economic environment, the search for new sources of concurrency advantage often determines the survival and development of an enterprise. Knowledge about the market, speed of decisions, innovations and customer relationship management (CRM) are becoming some of the key success factors. Following an analysis of the literature, this article presents the essence and definition as well as the benefits of CRM in terms of raising the competitiveness of enterprises for which the client plays a leading role.The globalisation of countries’ economies and the growth of the market in the West are becoming important factors determining the activity of enterprises. In this changing economic environment, the search for new sources of concurrency advantage often determines the survival and development of an enterprise. Knowledge about the market, speed of decisions, innovations and customer relationship management (CRM) are becoming some of the key success factors. Following an analysis of the literature, this article presents the essence and definition as well as the benefits of CRM in terms of raising the competitiveness of enterprises for which the client plays a leading role

Poznanie intuicyjne i rozumowe w teorii i praktyce nauk o zarządzaniu

The aim of this study is to explain the role of rational and intuitive cognition in the theory and practice of management. The article presents a synthetic review of definitions and ways of interpreting the concept of intuition. Subsequently, a conceptual apparatus for rational judgments, intuitive judgments, and intuition as a special type of skills is proposed. On the basis of the four-stage model of the creative process and the model of System 1 and System 2, the role of intuition in the work of management theoretician is explained. Using the four-stage model of competence, the role of intuition in the process of making managerial decisions is explained. The study shows that intuition is a key skill in the theory and practice of management.Celem niniejszego opracowania jest wyjaśnienie roli poznania rozumowego i intuicyjnego w teorii i praktyce zarządzania. W artykule przedstawiono syntetyczny przegląd definicji i sposobu interpretowania pojęcia intuicji. Następnie zaproponowano aparat pojęciowy dotyczący sądów rozumowych, sądów intuicyjnych oraz intuicji jako szczególnego typu umiejętności. W oparciu o czterofazowy model pracy twórczej oraz modele systemu 1 oraz systemu 2 wyjaśniono rolę intuicji w pracy teoretyka zarządzania. Posługując się czterofazowym modelem kompetencji, wyjaśniono rolę intuicji w procesie podejmowania decyzji kierowniczych. W opracowaniu wykazano, że intuicja stanowi kluczową umiejętność zarówno w teorii, jak i w praktyce zarządzania

Impact of Technogenic Saline Soils on Some Chemical Properties and on the Activity of Selected Enzymes

The study was based on saline soils with surface mineral layers impacted by the waste produced by the soda plant in Poland. The activity of selected enzymes (catalase CAT, alkaline AlP, and acid phosphatase AcP), pH in KCl, content of the clay, total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), total exchangeable bases (TEB), electrical conductivity (ECe), CaCO3, and concentration of available phosphorus AP were investigated in the soil next to the soda plant. Based on the enzyme activity, the following were calculated: enzymatic pH indicator AlP/AcP, the resistance index (RS), resilience index (RL), relative changes (RCh), and the time index (TI). The soil was sampled from the mineral horizon in spring and autumn from eight (S1–S8) soil sampling sites in the area of the soda plant and from the control point (C). Soil is characterized by alkaline reaction. Statistical analysis (ANOVA, η2 effect size) showed significant variation in parameters under the influence of different sites next to soda plant. The content of TOC ranged from 4.70 to 47.7 g kg−1, and TN from 19 to 4.36 g kg−1. ECe next to the soda plant ranged between 6.87 and 204 mS cm−1. The highest values were confirmed in the soil of S1 both in spring and autumn. Higher TEB values were noted in the soil in autumn. In the soil within the impact of the soda plant, the AP content decreased and in the soil from sites S1, S3, S6, and S8 (in spring), the lowest AP content was recorded at 1.20, 4.14, 5.98, and 0.99 mg kg−1, respectively. The highest activity of AlP in spring was noted at site S1 and in autumn at site S4. In the soil next to the soda plant, the activity of AcP decreased, as compared to the control which is seen from the negative values of the coefficient of relative changes (RCh). The analysis of RCh in the catalase activities showed that in the soil from sites S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5, the activity increased, as compared to the control. The lowest values of the resistance index (RS) for phosphatases were reported in the soil of S6. Research shows that the activity of enzymes and their indexes make it possible to conduct long-term monitoring and identify the processes in soil

Chemical and Biological Properties of Sandy Loam Soil in Response to Long-Term Organic–Mineral Fertilisation in a Warm-Summer Humid Continental Climate

In 2019, 71 years after the establishment of a static fertiliser experiment, the chemical and biological properties of Luvisol soil with sandy-loam grain-size composition were determined. Soil samples were taken from six fertilised treatments: half-dose nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in mineral fertilisers (½ NPK); full-dose nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium (NPK); manure fertilisation + nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and liming (FYM NPK Mg Ca); manure + mineral fertilisers without magnesium and liming (FYM NPK); manure + nitrogen and phosphorus (FYM NP); manure + nitrogen and potassium (FYM NK). The soil was tested in two layers at depths of 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm. Soil samples were tested for: pH in 1 M KCl (pH); electrical conductivity (EC); organic carbon content (OC); content of available phosphorus (Pa), potassium (Ka), magnesium (Mga) and sulphate sulphur (S-SO4); total number of bacteria (Bt), cellulolytic microorganisms (Bc), fungi (Ff) and actinomycetes (Ac); and alkaline phosphatase (AlP), acid phosphatase (AcP) and arylsulphatase (ArS) activity. The fertilisation that most favourably affected the chemical and biological properties of the soil was FYM NPK Mg Ca. This fertilisation increased: pH and EC; OC, Ka and Mga contents; Bt and Bc abundance; and AlP activity relative to all the methods of mineral and organic–mineral fertilisation that did not include all the ingredients of mineral fertilisers. On the other hand, the least favourable soil properties were formed by ½ NPK fertilisation in the 0–20 cm layer, and by the long-term use of mineral fertilisers only in the 20–40 cm layer

The genetic characterization of an isolated remnant population of an endangered rodent (Cricetus cricetus L.) using comparative data: implications for conservation

Estimates of genetic diversity and phylogenetic affiliation represent an important resource for biodiversity assessment and a valuable guide to conservation and management. We have found a new population (Jawor—JW) of the common hamster Cricetus cricetus in western Poland that is remote from the nearest populations by 235–300 km. With the objective of genetically characterizing of this population, we compared it with other populations from Poland and Germany by taking into account sequences of four mitochondrial DNA genes and variation at 10 microsatellite loci. The JW population exhibited low levels of genetic diversity and allelic and haplotype richness, which likely reflects its extreme isolation. This factor, coupled with inbreeding and genetic drift, are major threats to JW. A neighbor-joining tree based on mtDNA haplotypes shows that JW clusters among samples representing the Central subgroup that is known from central Germany but that has not yet been identified in Poland. Findings presented here improve our understanding of the spread and diversification of the common hamster. We offer the following hypotheses to explain the observed pattern of mtDNA haplotype distribution: JW could be a byproduct of postglacial migrations or back-migrations from eastern refugia to the western part of Europe, or/and be a result of population and habitat fragmentation. We recommend translocation of individuals as an effective management strategy, both at the level of Central phylogeographic group and at the species level, to overcome the negative consequences of inbreeding and geographical isolation of the JW population