Changes in the Activity of Phosphatase and the Content of Phosphorus in Salt-Affected Soils Grassland Habitat Natura 2000

The subject of this study was the humus horizons in the salt-affected soils of Natura 2000 (Ciechocinek, Poland). In the adequately prepared soil, there were determined: pH in CaCl2, total organic carbon (TOC), exchangeable cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+), salinity (EC1:5), the content of total (TP) and available phosphorus (AP), the activity of alkaline (AlP) and acid (AcP) phosphatases. TOC affected the degree of saturation of the sorption complex with basic cations, as confirmed by correlation analysis. In the analysed soil samples a series of quantitative cations of basic character is as follows: Ca2+>Na+>K+>Mg2+. Increased salinity has modified the qualitative and quantitative composition of the soil solution. Correlation analysis confirmed the significant relationship between the conduction of the electrolytic soil and the content of sodium and potassium cations. The highest value of EC1:5 was found in the soil sampled near the ditch (sites 12, 13, 16). According to PN-R-04023 (1996), this soil classifies as class V with a very low content of P available but the availability factor for phosphorus value ranged from 2.773 to 5.252% indicating that soil P was sufficient for plant growth in this habitat. Significant positive correlations were found between salinity, alkaline phosphatase and exchangeable K+, Na+. Significant negative correlations were found between EC1:5 with P available and the availability factor for this nutrient (AF). The positive significant correlations among soil alkaline phosphatase and some physicochemical properties suggested that salinization had effects on these variables. Alkaline phosphatase may be used as indicators of soil quality in salinized grassland habitat Natura 2000

The Influence of Fertilization with Phosphorus, Sulphate, Carbon and Nitrogen Content on Hydrolases Activities in Soil

The paper presents the results of the study connected with determining the contents of total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (PE-R), sulphate sulphur (S-SO4 2-), and the activity of acid phosphatase (AcP) and arylsulphatase (ARS) in Haplic Luvisol (LVh) fertilised with varied farmyard manure (FYM) doses (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 t ha-1) and nitrogen in the form of ammonium nitrate (N0, N1, N2, N3). The experiment involved a 4-year crop-rotation (2005-2009). A significant effect of fertilisation with farmyard manure (FYM), ammonium sulphate and the selection of crops in crop rotation on the content of TOC and TN was found. The content of phosphorus available to plants was significantly higher in the soil sampled in the third year of research under spring barley fertilised with the FYM at the dose of 60 t ha-1 and nitrogen at the dose of N2. The activity of acid phosphatase in soil increased with increasing nitrogen doses. The mean amount of sulphates classifies the soil as representing a very high richness and guarantees a good supply of plants with that nutrient. The greatest activity of arylsulphatase was reported in the samples of the soil fertilised with the FYM at the amount of 80 kg ha-1

The influence of inflation on the economic situation of households in Poland

PURPOSE: After several years of deflation, one should not be surprised by emerging consumer inflation. We are facing this situation in the Polish market from 2017 onwards. In 2022 it even intensified and changed into galloping inflation, i.e., a double-digit number expresses the price increase percentage. The general objective of the article is to present the main causes of inflation and its deepening consequences for society, as well as to indicate the direction of measures to be taken to curb inflation in Poland.DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: The study is based on primary and secondary sources of information. The secondary information source for this research was the data from Central Statistical Office GUS, Eurostat. The analysis included the years 2015-2022, which enabled capturing the inflation situation and changes in income, expenditure and consumption in Polish households. The source of primary information was the results of our own research. The level of nutritional needs satisfaction of households has been estimated based on econometric analysis methods. The evaluated elasticity factors constituted the factual basis for performing quality and quantity assessment of consumption structure.FINDINGS: The research results touched on the main causes and directions of measures to curb inflation in Poland. The findings of the presented study point to the fact that there is a significant relationship between the level of inflation and the consumption behaviour of households. The low level of income-poor households determines the level of consumption needs saturation. The decrease in the level of satisfying lower-order food needs in the analysed period is the result of an increase in the income elasticity of demand.PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The paper provides the results of research that help decisionmakers and marketers to determine economic policy to curb inflation in Poland.ORIGINALITY/VALUE: The paper presents the original methodological approach for estimating the level of food needs saturation. The assessment of the saturation of food needs in Poland based on the consumption elasticity of demand coefficients constituted a continuation of research conducted by authors in the 90s of the past century. The conducted analysis of changes in food consumption of Polish households in the years 2015-2021 demonstrates the inconsistency with the results from the authors' previous years, where the opposite tendency was shown.peer-reviewe

Effect of forest fire on changes in the content of total and available forms of selected heavy metals and catalase activity in soil

The aim of the paper was to assess the effect of forest fire on the content of total and available forms of zinc, copper, lead, nickel and cadmium, as well as the activity of catalase in soil. The study was performed directly (2012) and a year after the fire (2013). The fire had a significant effect on the content of those heavy metals in surface horizons, however, it did not result in their rapid growth. The concentrations of total forms of metals did not exceed the norms provided for in Regulation of the Polish Minister of the Environment. The soil samples analysed can be considered unpolluted with those metals. The availability coefficients calculated showed an unfavourable higher availability of lead and cadmium over zinc and copper. The statistical analysis showed a significant effect of fire on the activity of catalase. Resistance of soil (RS) for catalase demonstrated lower values in the year 2012 as compared with 2013 (except for B soil). The calculated values of time index (TI) pointed to the activation of the enzyme a year after the fire. The Ward clustering method facilitated determining similarities between the sites in two research years (2012 and 2013) with the selected soil parameters. With the PCA method a negative effect of fire was identified

Activity of phosphomonoesterases and the content of phosphorus in the eroded Luvisols of orchard and arable soils

An irrevocable effect of the process of tillage erosion is truncation of the surface horizon and the translocation and accumulation of the eroded soil material at the foot of the slope. It concerns mostly fine soil fractions, humus and nutrients (C, N, P). The rate of that process depends on the original morphology of soil profiles and the susceptibility to erosion, the amount and intensity of precipitation, but mostly on the method and period of soil use. The aim of the paper was to determine the effect of the use of eroded Luvisols on the content of available phosphorus and the activity of phosphomonoesterases against the physico-chemical properties selected. Based on the analysis of variance, there was found a significant effect of the use of soils on the activity of phosphatases in the surface horizons of the analysed soils. There was found a significantly higher activity of alkaline phosphatase (0.094–1.896 mM pNP·kg–1·h–1) and acid phosphatase (0.152–2.905 mM pNP·kg–1·h–1) in the soil material sampled from the herbicide strips of 30-year apple tree orchards, as compared with the activity of those enzymes in arable soils, with a similar soil profile morphology (without Et horizon), grain size composition and the properties of the parent material. Activity of phosphatases in the soil surface horizon of the herbicide strips was positively and significantly correlated with organic matter. There was reported no significant effect of the use of the eroded Luvisols on the content of available phosphorus in surface horizons

Diagnoza zawartości wybranych metali ciężkich gleb Pałuk na tle ich aktywności enzymatycznej

The paper presents the research results for the soils sampled from the area located in the eastern part of the Chodzieskie Lakes, between the Middle Noteć River Valley and the Wełna River Valley, the right tributary of the Warta River. The research involved 7 soil samples from the surface horizons, allocated to the cultivation of various plant species (cereals and vegetable crops). The following were determined in the soil material: the content of phytoavailable forms of selected heavy metals Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni, Fe and Mn, active and available to plants phosphorus against the activity of selected oxydo-reduction and hydrolytic enzymes. The soil under the vegetable crops showed a very high richness in phosphorus available to plants, which must have been related to an intensive fertilisation. There were identified relatively low contents of the available forms of the heavy metals investigated, the fact that points to their natural content in soil, which triggered the inhibition of neither the oxydo-reduction nor hydrolytic enzymes.W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań gleb pobranych z terenu leżącego we wschodniej części Pojezierza Chodzieskiego, znajdującego się pomiędzy Doliną Środkowej Noteci, a doliną Wełny, prawego dopływu Warty. Badaniom poddano 7 próbek glebowych pobranych z poziomów powierzchniowych, przeznaczonych pod uprawę różnych gatunków roślin (zboża i warzywa). W materiale glebowym oznaczono zawartość fi todostępnych form wybranych metali ciężkich Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni, Fe i Mn, aktywnego oraz przyswajalnego dla roślin fosforu na tle aktywności wybranych enzymów oksydoredukcyjnych i hydrolitycznych. Badana gleba spod roślin warzywnych charakteryzowała się bardzo wysoką zasobnością w fosfor przyswajalny dla roślin, co miało związek najprawdopodobniej z intensywnym nawożeniem. stwierdzono. Stwierdzono stosunkowo niskie zawartości form przyswajalnych badanych metali ciężkich, co świadczy o naturalnej ich zawartości w glebie, która nie spowodowała inhibicji badanych enzymów oksydoredukcyjnych jak i hydrolitycznyc

Metale ciężkie, węgiel i fosfor oraz aktywności katalazy i fosfatazy kwaśnej w glebie pod niekontrolowanym wysypiskiem śmieci

Przedstawione badania dotyczyły oddziaływania niekontrolowanego wysypiska śmieci na zawartość węgla organicznego, fosforu przyswajalnego, ołowiu i niklu oraz aktywność katalazy i fosfatazy kwaśnej w glebie. Uzyskane wyniki poddano analizie statystycznej (w programie Statistica 10,0), która posłużyła do oceny zagrożenia wynikającej z nielegalnego deponowania odpadów na obrzeżach miasta Bydgoszczy. Stwierdzono, że odpady składowane na terenie badanego wysypiska nie wpłynęły znacząco na zanieczyszczenie gleb metalami ciężkimi, jednak ich podwyższona zawartość w porównaniu do kontroli spowodowała obniżenie aktywności badanych enzymów, z których katalaza, na podstawie obliczonego współczynnika odporności (RS 0,580), okazała się być bardziej odporna na stres środowiskowy niż fosfataza kwaśna (RS 0,372)

ACTIVITY OF PHOSPHATASES IN HUMUS HORIZONS OF UNISŁAW BASIN ARABLE SOILS

The paper presents the results of research into the activity of alkaline and acid phosphatase against selected chemical parameters in the selected humus horizons of arable soils of the Unisław Basin. It was found that the soil demonstrated a higher activity of alkaline phosphatase by 35% on average, compared with the activity of acid phosphatase, which is due to the high soil richness in CaCO3. Considerable amounts of calcium carbonate determined the neutral or slightly alkaline reaction of the horizons. The soil investigated represented the soils of a low or average content of available phosphorus, which classifies it to classes IV and III of richness in that element. Changes in the activity of the enzymes were found depending on the horizon the soil was sampled from on which various crop species were grown