Avaliação da frequência alélica e haplotípica do sistema HLA para os loci HLA-A, HLA-B e HLA-DRB1 de receptores renais e doadores intervivo do estado do Pará, Brasil/ Evaluation of the allelic and haplotypic frequency of the HLA system for HLA-A, HLA-B e HLA-DRB1 loci of renal receptors and living donors from the state of Pará, Brazil

Introdução: A descoberta dos antígenos leucocitários humano (HLA) trouxe o reconhecimento de que a compatibilidade do sistema HLA entre doador e receptor é um fator importante em transplantes de órgãos, tecidos e células. No transplante renal, a compatibilidade desse sistema está associada a sobrevida do enxerto em longo prazo e a incompatibilidade está envolvida diretamente na reatividade imunológica do receptor contra células do doador, o que pode levar a processos de rejeição celular e humoral. Objetivo: Esse trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a frequência alélica e haplotípica de doadores e pacientes renais paraenses e possível associação com doenças. Método: As frequências alélicas e haplotípicas do HLA-A, -B e -DRB1 foram avaliadas em 475 doadores e receptores renais registrados na Fundação HEMOPA. Os programas Arlequin v.3.11 e PyPop v.0.7 foram utilizados para calcular as frequências alélicas e haplotípicas, equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg, teste de neutralidade e cálculo de desequilíbrio de ligação. As patologias que apresentaram prevalência maior que cinco dentre os pacientes estudados foram escolhidas para realizar a associação com os alelos HLA. A verificação da frequência dos alelos e haplótipos foi realizada com comparativos entre artigos publicados e utilização de ferramentas de pesquisa em sistemas de informação e sites sobre estudos em populações. Resultados: As doenças de base mais encontradas nos pacientes foram hipertensão arterial sistêmica, doença renal crônica e glomerulonefrite crônica. Os alelos mais comuns encontrados nos indivíduos paraenses foram HLA-A*02, HLA-A*24, HLA-A*31, HLA-B*35, HLA-B*15, HLA-B*51, HLA-DRB1*04, HLA-DRB1*13 e HLA-DRB1*01. Os loci do estudo apresentaram-se em equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg e o maior desequilíbrio de ligação foi entre os lócus B e DRB1. O haplótipo mais frequente nos indivíduos paraenses foi A*02 B*44 DRB1*07. Enquanto nos pacientes e doadores, os haplótipos mais observados foram A*02 B*51 DRB1*11 e A*02 B*44 DRB1*04, respectivamente. Conclusões: Esse é o primeiro estudo sobre a diversidade HLA com doadores e pacientes candidatos a transplante renal na região Norte do país. Nossos resultados de frequência alélica e haplotípica foram semelhantes aos encontrados em outros estudos na população brasileira. Esses dados reforçam o conceito de que os genes HLA são uma ferramenta confiável para investigar a composição étnica de uma população.

SÍNTESE DA PENEIRA MOLECULAR MCM-41 DERIVADA DA CINZA DA CASCA DO ARROZ

As peneiras moleculares MCM-41 têm atraído grande interesse devido as suas propriedades de alta área específica, volume e diâmetro de poros controláveis. Estes materiais são aplicados em diversos ramos da indústria química como adsorventes, suportes catalíticos e catalisadores heterogêneos em vários processos. Neste trabalho, o MCM-41 foi sintetizado a partir da cinza da casca do arroz, natural e tratada quimicamente, como fontes alternativas de sílica, denominadas CCA-MCM-41 e CCAL-MCM-41, respectivamente, com o objetivo de reaproveitar este resíduo e produzir um material mesoporoso de menor custo. Os materiais foram sintetizados pelo método hidrotérmico a partir de um gel com composição molar: CTAMBr 1,0 mol L-1; SiO2 4,0 mol L-1; Na2O 1,0 mol L-1; H2O 200 mol L-1 e caracterizados por FRX, DRX, FT-IR e determinação de área superficial pelo método BET. Os materiais obtidos apresentaram elevada área superfícial específica (905 m2 g-1), com dimensões e volume de poros dentro das especificações de materiais mesoporosos, sendo estas prorpriedades semelhantes ao MCM-41 sintetizado com a sílica gel comercial, comprovando que a cinza da casca do arroz pode ser utilizada como fonte alternativa de sílica na síntese de peneiras moleculares do tipo MCM-41

Rotavirus antigenemia as a common event among children hospitalised for severe, acute gastroenteritis in Belém, northern Brazil

This study received financial support from the Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC), Health Surveillance Secretariat, which supported the study team to perform sample collection, analysis, interpretation of the data obtained and writing the manuscript. The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) provided financial support to purchase laboratory kits for use in the analysis.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Federal University of Pará State. Belém, PA, Brazil.Federal University of Pará State. Belém, PA, Brazil.Federal University of Pará State. Belém, PA, Brazil.Federal University of Pará State. Belém, PA, Brazil.Federal University of Pará State. Belém, PA, Brazil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Background: Rotavirus antigenemia and RNAemia (the presence of rotavirus RNA in serum) have been commonly identified among paediatric patients with acute gastroenteritis. In this study we examined the association between rotavirus antigenemia and clinical features, and sought to determine the genotypes of rotaviruses detected in paired stool and serum samples. Methods: Paired stool and serum samples were obtained from children hospitalised for acute gastroenteritis in Belém, Brazil, between June 2012 and June 2015. The 20-point Vesikari scoring system was used to assess the disease severity upon a retrospective medical record review. Stool and serum samples were primarily screened for the presence of rotavirus antigen using a commercial ELISA assay. The rotavirus isolates from stool and serum samples were genotyped by using the classical reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and/or through nucleotide sequencing of VP4 and VP7 genes. Viral load was estimated using real-time RT-PCR. Results: In total rotavirus antigen was detected in 109 (24.2%) stool samples from 451 children, whereas antigenemia occurred in 38.5% (42/109) of these patients. We demonstrated that patients positive for rotavirus RNA in paired stool and serum samples were more likely to have a higher frequency of vomiting episodes in a 24-h period (p = 0.0035). Our findings also suggested that children not vaccinated against rotavirus are more likely to develop antigenemia, as compared to those given at least one vaccine dose (p = 0.0151). G12P [8] and G2P [4] genotypes were predominant throughout the study period, accounting for 52.3% (57/109) and 27.5% (30/109) of the typed isolates, respectively. Ten stool-serum pairs could be typed for VP4 and VP7 genes. Seven of these pairs showed concordant results with G2P [4] genotype being detected in stool and serum samples, whereas discrepancies between genotypes (G2P [4]/G2P[NT] and G12P [8]/G2P[NT]) were seen in three pairs. Conclusions: Rotavirus antigenemia and RNAemia occur in a significant number of children hospitalised for acute gastroenteritis in Belém, Brazil, and may contribute to a greater disease severity, particularly translated into a greater number of vomiting episodes. This study documented a high concordance of genotypes detected in a subgroup of paired stool and serum sample

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data

Effects of once-weekly exenatide on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes

BACKGROUND: The cardiovascular effects of adding once-weekly treatment with exenatide to usual care in patients with type 2 diabetes are unknown. METHODS: We randomly assigned patients with type 2 diabetes, with or without previous cardiovascular disease, to receive subcutaneous injections of extended-release exenatide at a dose of 2 mg or matching placebo once weekly. The primary composite outcome was the first occurrence of death from cardiovascular causes, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke. The coprimary hypotheses were that exenatide, administered once weekly, would be noninferior to placebo with respect to safety and superior to placebo with respect to efficacy. RESULTS: In all, 14,752 patients (of whom 10,782 [73.1%] had previous cardiovascular disease) were followed for a median of 3.2 years (interquartile range, 2.2 to 4.4). A primary composite outcome event occurred in 839 of 7356 patients (11.4%; 3.7 events per 100 person-years) in the exenatide group and in 905 of 7396 patients (12.2%; 4.0 events per 100 person-years) in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.91; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.83 to 1.00), with the intention-to-treat analysis indicating that exenatide, administered once weekly, was noninferior to placebo with respect to safety (P<0.001 for noninferiority) but was not superior to placebo with respect to efficacy (P=0.06 for superiority). The rates of death from cardiovascular causes, fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction, fatal or nonfatal stroke, hospitalization for heart failure, and hospitalization for acute coronary syndrome, and the incidence of acute pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, medullary thyroid carcinoma, and serious adverse events did not differ significantly between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with type 2 diabetes with or without previous cardiovascular disease, the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events did not differ significantly between patients who received exenatide and those who received placebo