Expression of mRNA for various marker genes and mtDNA levels in BH and non-BH lipomas from HIV-1–infected, HAART-treated patients and healthy control subcutaneous adipose tissue.

<p><b>A)</b> Relative mRNA levels of the indicated markers of adipogenesis and adipocyte function, mitochondrial function, inflammation, and fibrosis were determined by qRT-PCR. Means ± SEM, expressed as ratios relative to 18S rRNA, are shown for each target mRNA. B) mtDNA data are presented as means ± SEM, expressed as a ratio units between the mitochondrial gene <i>MT CYB</i> and the single-copy nuclear gene <i>CEBPA</i> levels (*p<0.05, lipomas vs. healthy control; #p<0.05, NBL vs. BH). (*p<0.05, **p<0.01 and ***p<0.001, lipoma vs. healthy subcutaneous adipose tissue; #p<0.05, ##p<0.01, NBL vs BH). Means correspond to 10 (C, BH) and 8 (NBL) samples.</p

Relative telomere length, expression of <i>GLB1</i> (SA-β galactosidase) and prelamin A/lamin A ratio in adipose tissue from BH and NBL lipomas from HIV-1–-infected, HAART-treated individuals and in subcutaneous adipose tissue from healthy controls.

<p><b>A)</b> Relative telomere lengths are presented as means ± SEM, expressed as a ratio of arbitrary fluorescence units for telomere repeats (Tel) to the single-copy nuclear gene 36B4 (*p<0.05, lipomas vs. healthy controls). B) Relative mRNA levels of SA-β-Galactosidase. Means ± SEM, expressed as ratios relative to 18S rRNA, are shown. C) Prelamin A/lamin A ratio are presented as means ± SEM of the relative densitometric analysis of western blots (right), representative western blot bands for lamin A and prelamin A are shown (left). The bands for both processed lamin and unprocessed prelamin are indicated with arrows. Means correspond to 10 (C, BH) and 8 (NBL) samples.</p

Demographic values, treatment data and biochemical parameters in controls and HIV-1-infected patients bearing BH and NBL lipomas.

<p>Values are expressed as means ± SEM. Statistical differences between controls and both groups of lipodystrophic patients are shown as * whenever significant (p<0.05).</p><p>Demographic values, treatment data and biochemical parameters in controls and HIV-1-infected patients bearing BH and NBL lipomas.</p

Expression of protein for various marker genes in BH and non-BH lipomas from HIV-1–infected, HAART-treated patients and healthy control subcutaneous adipose tissue.

<p><b>A)</b> Relative protein levels of the indicated markers of adipogenesis and adipocyte function, mitochondrial function, inflammation, and cell proliferation were determined by densitometric analysis of Western blots. Means ± SEM of 10 (C, BH) and 8 (NBL) samples expressed as ratios of the optical density of each band corrected for total protein level, are shown for each protein (*p<0.05, **p<0.01 and, lipomas vs. healthy subcutaneous adipose tissue; #p<0.05, ##p<0.01 and ###p<0.001, NBL vs. BH). <b>B)</b> Representative Western blot bands for selected genes of each functional group in panel A for controls (C), BH, and NBL. Each sample corresponds to an individual from each group. β-actin was used a loading control. The molecular weight of each specific immunoreactive signal is shown at right. ADIPOQ, adiponectin; MT_COII, mitochondrial DNA-encoded subunit II of cytochrome c oxidase.</p

Expression of mRNA for brown adipocyte-associated genes and specific lineage markers of different classes of adipocytes in adipose tissue from BH and NBL lipomas from HIV-1–infected, HAART-treated individuals and in subcutaneous adipose tissue from healthy controls (C).

<p>Relative mRNA levels were determined by qRT-PCR. Means ± SEM of 10 (C, BH) and 8 (NBL) samples, expressed as ratios relative to 18S rRNA, are shown for each target mRNA (*p<0.05, **p<0.01 and ***p<0.001, lipomas vs. healthy subcutaneous adipose tissue; #p<0.05, ##p<0.01 and ###p<0.001, NBL vs. BH lipomas). <b>A)</b> Brown adipocyte-associated genes. <b>B-D)</b> Specific putative lineage markers of different types of adipocytes.</p

Demographics and viro-immunological status of the population studied.

<p><b>All values expressed as median (IQR  =  interquartile range) unless otherwise specified, MsM  =  men who have sex with men, HTSX  =  heterosexuals, IDU  =  intravenous drug users, AIDS  =  acquired immune deficiency syndrome, HCV  =  hepatitis C virus, HBV  =  hepatitis B virus, CD4 increase  =  current CD4-CD4 prior to starting of antiretroviral therapy, IQR  =  interquartile range.</b></p

Baseline parameters significantly associated with limb fat gain (≥800 g limb fat) at week 48 on bivariate analysis.

<p><b>All values expressed as median (IQR  =  interquartile range) unless otherwise specified, MsM  =  men who have sex with men, HTSX  =  heterosexuals, IDU  =  intravenous drug users, AIDS  =  acquired immune deficiency syndrome, HCV  =  hepatitis C virus, CD4 increase  =  current CD4-CD4 prior to starting of antiretroviral therapy, IQR  =  interquartile range.</b></p><p><b>Variables not associated with limb fat gain ≥800 g with a P value <0.1 were: sex, means of HIV infection, smoking, prior AIDS, HCV co-infection, Nadir CD4 cell count <100 and <200 cells/mm³, maximum viral load >5 log₁₀ copies/ml, ART before switching, NRTI backbone before switching, cumulated exposure for AZT, d4T, ddI and ddC, weight, BMI, waist circumference, WHR, systolic and diastolic BP, whole body fat, trunk fat, baseline limb fat <3 kg, fat mass ratio, fat mass index, percentage of left fat normalized by BMI, metabolic syndrome, total cholesterol, triglycerides, total cholesterol/HDL ratio, LDL cholesterol, fasting glucose, and fasting insulin.</b></p

Anthropometric, metabolic and fat parameters at baseline and 48 weeks after switching from stavudine to raltegravir.

<p><b>All parameters expressed as median and (interquartile range) unless otherwise specified. BMI  =  body mass index, WHR  =  waist-to-hip ratio, BP  =  blood pressure, BMC  =  Bone mineral content, BMD  =  Bone mineral density, HDL  =  High-density lipoprotein, LDL  =  Low-density lipoprotein, HOMA-IR  =  homeostasis model assessment method.</b></p

Changes in molecular markers in subcutaneous fat of patients with HALS switched from stavudine to raltegravir.

<p>Samples were retrieved at baseline and at week 48. Box plots show median, IQR and maximum and minimum values for each variable. mtDNA  =  mitochondrial DNA. PPAR gamma  =  peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. MCP-1  =  monocyte chemotactic protein 1. TNF alpha  =  tumor necrosis factor alpha. Cox IV  =  cytochrome oxidase subunit IV. mtDNA  =  mitochondrial DNA. nDNA  =  nuclear DNA.</p

Vico’s Ring. Notes on the“Scienza nuova”, its Structure, and the Hermeneutics of Homer’s Works

The present study of Giambattista Vico’s defining work, La Scienza nuova (The New Science) is concerned with an approach to the work that pays requisite attention not only to the content but also to its form. To that end, Horst Steinke proposes that Scienza nuova possesses the structure of a ring composition by which individual parts of the work relate to each other in complex but identifiable ways. This approach, which is developed through a discussion of all five Books that make up the work, also leads to, or implies, certain constraints on the interpretation of Vico’s thought, resulting from an interplay of form and content. Since Vico made Homer the centerpiece of his own work, Vico’s hermeneutics are discussed in the context of his underlying philosophy of language, and both are compared with Spinoza’s thought. Finally, the so-called “Homeric question”, in Vico’s view, is addressed in an original way