The Tag Filter Architecture: An energy-efficient cache and directory design

[EN] Power consumption in current high-performance chip multiprocessors (CMPs) has become a major design concern that aggravates with the current trend of increasing the core count. A significant fraction of the total power budget is consumed by on-chip caches which are usually deployed with a high associativity degree (even L1 caches are being implemented with eight ways) to enhance the system performance. On a cache access, each way in the corresponding set is accessed in parallel, which is costly in terms of energy. On the other hand, coherence protocols also must implement efficient directory caches that scale in terms of power consumption. Most of the state-of-the-art techniques that reduce the energy consumption of directories are at the cost of performance, which may become unacceptable for high-performance CMPs. In this paper, we propose an energy-efficient architectural design that can be effectively applied to any kind of cache memory. The proposed approach, called the Tag Filter (TF) Architecture, filters the ways accessed in the target cache set, and just a few ways are searched in the tag and data arrays. This allows the approach to reduce the dynamic energy consumption of caches without hurting their access time. For this purpose, the proposed architecture holds the XX least significant bits of each tag in a small auxiliary X-bit-wide array. These bits are used to filter the ways where the least significant bits of the tag do not match with the bits in the X-bit array. Experimental results show that, on average, the TF Architecture reduces the dynamic power consumption across the studied applications up to 74.9%74.9%, 85.9%85.9%, and 84.5%84.5% when applied to L1 caches, L2 caches, and directory caches, respectively.This work has been jointly supported by MINECO and European Commission (FEDER funds) under the project TIN2015-66972-C5-1-R/3-R and by Fundación Séneca, Agencia de Ciencia y Tecnología de la Región de Murcia under the project Jóvenes Líderes en Investigación 18956/JLI/13.Valls, J.; Ros Bardisa, A.; Gómez Requena, ME.; Sahuquillo Borrás, J. (2017). The Tag Filter Architecture: An energy-efficient cache and directory design. Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing. 100:193-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpdc.2016.04.016S19320210

Desinfección con cloro y luz UV en un proceso convencional de regeneración de agua

[ES] Este trabajo presenta los resultados experimentales obtenidos en una planta piloto de regeneración de agua residual, con capacidad para producir 20 m3/día de agua regenerada. El agua regenerada se destina al riego experimental de cultivos de consumo crudo. La planta está instalada en la EDAR de Mataró, donde se depuran aguas residuales con un contenido notable de aguas industriales. La planta piloto está dotada de diversos procesos de tratamiento (coagulación, floculación, decantación, filtración y desinfección) que se han optimizado para alcanzar la inactivación total de los indicadores bacterianos. El método de desinfección más adecuado para este tipo de efluentes depurados se ha determinado comparado dos métodos alternativos: hipoclorito sódico y luz ultravioleta. La desinfección con hipoclorito sódico se ha realizado utilizando una dosis de 8 mg Cl2/l y un Cxt medio de 470 mg-minuto/l, logrando obtener un agua regenerada libre de indicadores bacterianos. 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Tesis Doctoral. Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña. 322 pp.CEDEX. (1999). Propuesta de Calidades Mínimas Exigidas para la Reutilización Directa de Efluentes de Depuradoras Según los Distintos Usos Posibles. Normativa Reutilización 15-23/11/99-9.39.Cooper-Smith, G. (2001). Chemically-enhanced primary treatment: the UK experience. Water 21. August 2001.Darby, J., Health, M., Jacangelo, J., Loge, F., Swaim, P., Tchobanoglous, G. (1995). Comparison of UV irradiation to chlorination: guidance for achieving optimal YV performance. Final Report. Water Environmental Research Foundation. Virginia. 216 pp.Davis, M., Cornwell, D. (1991) Introduction to Environmental Engineering. 2º edición. McGraw-Hill, Inc.Fernández, M. (2000) Desinfección de Agua Residual Depurada Mediante Lámparas de Luz Ultravioleta de Media Presión. Tesina de Especialidad. Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña. 100 pp.García Sierco, J., (2002) Inactivación Vírica en Tratamientos Terciarios. Tesina de Especialidad. Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña. 110 pp.Jofre, J., Ollé, E., Ribas, F., Vidal, A., Lucena, F. (1995) Potential usefulness of bacteriophages that infect Bacteriodes fragilis as model organism for monitoring virus removal in drinking water treatment plant. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 61, 9, 3227-3231.Kemira Ibérica (2000). Tríptico explicativo de coagulante. España.Kuiper, D., Wechsler, R. (1975). Domestic wastewater reuse. Aspects of the treatment system. Wat. Res., 9, 655-657.Manzanares, A. (2000). Inactivación Vírica Mediante Luz Ultravioleta con Lámparas de Baja y Media Presión. Tesina de Especialidad. Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña. 100 pp.Meulemans, C.C.E (1986) The basic principles of UV-sterilization of water. In Ozono+Ultraviolet Water Treatment, Aquatec. Amsterdam. Paris: International Ozone Association. B.1.1-B.1.13.Mujeriego, R. (1990) Riego con agua residual municipal regenerada. Generalitat de Catalunya.Nicholson, J. 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PS-Dir: A Scalable Two-Level Directory Cache

As the number of cores increases in both incoming and future chip multiprocessors, coherence protocols must address novel hardware structures in order to scale in terms of performance, power, and area. It is well known that most blocks accessed by parallel applications are private (i.e., accessed by a single core). These blocks present different directory requirements and behavior than shared blocks. Based on this fact, this paper proposes a two-level directory cache that tracks shared blocks in a small and fast first-level cache and private blocks in a larger and slower second-level cache, namely Shared and Private caches, respectively. Speed and area reasons suggest the use of eDRAM technology much dense but slower than SRAM technology for the Private cache, which in turn brings energy savings. Experimental results for a 16-core system show improvements in performance by 11.1%, in area by 25.4%, and in energy consumption by 20.5% compared to a conventional directory cache.This work has been supported by the Spanish MICINN, as well as European Commission FEDER funds, under Grants CSD2006-00046 and TIN2009-14475-C04Valls, JJ.; Ros Bardisa, A.; Sahuquillo Borrás, J.; Gómez Requena, ME.; Duato Marín, JF. (2012). PS-Dir: A Scalable Two-Level Directory Cache. IEEE Computer Society. https://doi.org/10.1145/2370816.2370891

A management algorithm for patients with intracranial pressure monitoring: the Seattle International Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Consensus Conference (SIBICC)

Brain injury; Head trauma; AlgorithmDaño cerebral; Trauma en la cabeza; AlgoritmoLesió cerebral; Trauma al cap; AlgoritmeBackground: Management algorithms for adult severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) were omitted in later editions of the Brain Trauma Foundation’s sTBI Management Guidelines, as they were not evidence-based. Methods: We used a Delphi-method-based consensus approach to address management of sTBI patients undergoing intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring. Forty-two experienced, clinically active sTBI specialists from six continents comprised the panel. Eight surveys iterated queries and comments. An in-person meeting included whole- and small-group discussions and blinded voting. Consensus required 80% agreement. We developed heatmaps based on a traffic-light model where panelists’ decision tendencies were the focus of recommendations. Results: We provide comprehensive algorithms for ICP-monitor-based adult sTBI management. Consensus established 18 interventions as fundamental and ten treatments not to be used. We provide a three-tier algorithm for treating elevated ICP. Treatments within a tier are considered empirically equivalent. Higher tiers involve higher risk therapies. Tiers 1, 2, and 3 include 10, 4, and 3 interventions, respectively. We include inter-tier considerations, and recommendations for critical neuroworsening to assist the recognition and treatment of declining patients. Novel elements include guidance for autoregulation-based ICP treatment based on MAP Challenge results, and two heatmaps to guide (1) ICP-monitor removal and (2) consideration of sedation holidays for neurological examination. Conclusions: Our modern and comprehensive sTBI-management protocol is designed to assist clinicians managing sTBI patients monitored with ICP-monitors alone. Consensus-based (class III evidence), it provides management recommendations based on combined expert opinion. It reflects neither a standard-of-care nor a substitute for thoughtful individualized management.We thank our financial supporters who include Adler/Geirsch Attorney at Law, the American Association of Neurological Surgeons/Congress of Neurological Surgeons Section on Neurotrauma and Critical Care, Bard, the Brain Trauma Foundation, DePuy, Hemedex, Integra, the Neurointensive Care Section of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, Neurosurgical Society of Australasia, Medtronic, Moberg Research, Natus, Neuroptics, Raumedic, Sophysa, Stryker, and Zoll

Sulfonylurea Receptor 1, Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channel Subfamily M Member 4, and KIR6.2:Role in Hemorrhagic Progression of Contusion

Contusió cerebral; Glibenclamida; Progressió hemorràgica de contusióBrain contusion; Glibenclamide; Hemorrhagic progression of contusionContusión cerebral; Glibenclamida; Progresión hemorrágica de contusiónIn severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), contusions often are worsened by contusion expansion or hemorrhagic progression of contusion (HPC), which may double the original contusion volume and worsen outcome. In humans and rodents with contusion-TBI, sulfonylurea receptor 1 (SUR1) is upregulated in microvessels and astrocytes, and in rodent models, blockade of SUR1 with glibenclamide reduces HPC. SUR1 does not function by itself, but must co-assemble with either KIR6.2 or transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 4 (TRPM4) to form KATP (SUR1-KIR6.2) or SUR1-TRPM4 channels, with the two having opposite effects on membrane potential. Both KIR6.2 and TRPM4 are reportedly upregulated in TBI, especially in astrocytes, but the identity and function of SUR1-regulated channels post-TBI is unknown. Here, we analyzed human and rat brain tissues after contusion-TBI to characterize SUR1, TRPM4, and KIR6.2 expression, and in the rat model, to examine the effects on HPC of inhibiting expression of the three subunits using intravenous antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (AS-ODN). Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity was used to operationally define core versus penumbral tissues. In humans and rats, GFAP-negative core tissues contained microvessels that expressed SUR1 and TRPM4, whereas GFAP-positive penumbral tissues contained astrocytes that expressed all three subunits. Förster resonance energy transfer imaging demonstrated SUR1-TRPM4 heteromers in endothelium, and SUR1-TRPM4 and SUR1-KIR6.2 heteromers in astrocytes. In rats, glibenclamide as well as AS-ODN targeting SUR1 and TRPM4, but not KIR6.2, reduced HPC at 24 h post-TBI. Our findings demonstrate upregulation of SUR1-TRPM4 and KATP after contusion-TBI, identify SUR1-TRPM4 as the primary molecular mechanism that accounts for HPC, and indicate that SUR1-TRPM4 is a crucial target of glibenclamide.J.M.S is supported by grants from the Department of Veterans Affairs (I01BX002889), the Department of Defense (SCI170199), the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (R01HL082517) and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) (R01NS060801; R01NS102589; R01NS105633); V.G. is supported by a grant from NINDS (NS061934)

Early management of isolated severe traumatic brain injury patients in a hospital without neurosurgical capabilities: a consensus and clinical recommendations of the World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES)

Management; Transfer; Traumatic brain injuryGestión; Transferir; Lesión cerebral traumáticaGestió; Transferència; Lesió cerebral traumàticaBackground Severe traumatic brain-injured (TBI) patients should be primarily admitted to a hub trauma center (hospital with neurosurgical capabilities) to allow immediate delivery of appropriate care in a specialized environment. Sometimes, severe TBI patients are admitted to a spoke hospital (hospital without neurosurgical capabilities), and scarce data are available regarding the optimal management of severe isolated TBI patients who do not have immediate access to neurosurgical care. Methods A multidisciplinary consensus panel composed of 41 physicians selected for their established clinical and scientific expertise in the acute management of TBI patients with different specializations (anesthesia/intensive care, neurocritical care, acute care surgery, neurosurgery and neuroradiology) was established. The consensus was endorsed by the World Society of Emergency Surgery, and a modified Delphi approach was adopted. Results A total of 28 statements were proposed and discussed. Consensus was reached on 22 strong recommendations and 3 weak recommendations. In three cases, where consensus was not reached, no recommendation was provided. Conclusions This consensus provides practical recommendations to support clinician’s decision making in the management of isolated severe TBI patients in centers without neurosurgical capabilities and during transfer to a hub center

Sulfonylurea Receptor 1 in Central Nervous System Injury: An Updated Review

Hinchazón celular; Edema; Traumatismo cerebralCellular swelling; Edema; Traumatic brain injuryInflor cel·lular; Edema; Traumatisme cerebralSulfonylurea receptor 1 (SUR1) is a member of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette (ABC) protein superfamily, encoded by Abcc8, and is recognized as a key mediator of central nervous system (CNS) cellular swelling via the transient receptor potential melastatin 4 (TRPM4) channel. Discovered approximately 20 years ago, this channel is normally absent in the CNS but is transcriptionally upregulated after CNS injury. A comprehensive review on the pathophysiology and role of SUR1 in the CNS was published in 2012. Since then, the breadth and depth of understanding of the involvement of this channel in secondary injury has undergone exponential growth: SUR1-TRPM4 inhibition has been shown to decrease cerebral edema and hemorrhage progression in multiple preclinical models as well as in early clinical studies across a range of CNS diseases including ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, cardiac arrest, subarachnoid hemorrhage, spinal cord injury, intracerebral hemorrhage, multiple sclerosis, encephalitis, neuromalignancies, pain, liver failure, status epilepticus, retinopathies and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder. Given these substantial developments, combined with the timeliness of ongoing clinical trials of SUR1 inhibition, now, another decade later, we review advances pertaining to SUR1-TRPM4 pathobiology in this spectrum of CNS disease—providing an overview of the journey from patch-clamp experiments to phase III trials.No funding directly supported the writing of this review. R.M.J. is supported by grants from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) (K23NS101036; R01NS115815), and the Barrow Neurological Foundation. J.M.S. is supported by grants from the Department of Veterans Affairs (I01RX003060; 1I01BX004652), the Department of Defense (SC170199), the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (R01HL082517) and the NINDS (R01NS102589; R01NS105633)

Diagnosis and treatment of Chiari malformation type 1 in children: the International Consensus Document

Malformació de Chiari 1; Nens; SiringomieliaMalformación de Chiari 1; Niños; SiringomieliaChiari 1 malformation; Children; SyringomyeliaBackground Chiari malformation type 1 (CM1) is a rare condition where agreed classification and treatment are still missing. The goal of this study is to achieve a consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of CM1 in children. Methods A multidisciplinary panel formulated 57 provisional statements based on a review of the literature. Thirty-four international experts (IE) participated in a Delphi study by independently rating each statement on a 4-point Likert scale (“strongly disagree,” “disagree,” “agree,” “strongly agree”). Statements that were endorsed (“agree” or “strongly agree”) by < 75% of raters were re-formulated, or new statements were added, and another Delphi round followed (up to a maximum of three). Results Thirty-five IE were contacted and 34 agreed to participate. A consensus was reached on 30/57 statements (52.6%) after round 1. Three statements were added, and one removed. After round 2, agreement was reached on 56/59 statements (94.9%). Finally, after round 3, which took place during the 2019 Chiari Consensus Conference (Milan, Italy), agreement was reached on 58/59 statements (98.3%) about four main sections (Definition and Classification, Planning, Surgery, Isolated Syringomyelia). Only one statement did not gain a consensus, which is the “definition of radiological failure 24 month post-surgery.” Conclusions The consensus document consists of 58 statements (24 on diagnosis, 34 on treatment), serving clinicians and researchers following children with CM1. There is a clear need for establishing an international network and registry and to promote collaborative studies to increase the evidence base and optimize the long-term care of this patient population.Open access funding provided by Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore within the CRUI-CARE Agreement

PS-Cache: an energy-efficient cache design for chip multiprocessors

The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11227-014-1288-5Power consumption has become a major design concern in current high-performance chip multiprocessors, and this problem exacerbates with the number of core counts. A significant fraction of the total power budget is often consumed by on-chip caches, thus important research has focused on reducing energy consumption in these structures. To enhance performance, on-chip caches are being deployed with a high associativity degree. Consequently, accessing concurrently all the ways in the cache set is costly in terms of energy. This paper presents the PS-Cache architecture, an energy-efficient cache design that reduces the number of accessed ways without hurting the performance. The PS-Cache takes advantage of the private-shared knowledge of the referenced block to reduce energy by accessing only those ways holding the kind of block looked up. Experimental results show that, on average, the PS-Cache architecture can reduce the dynamic energy consumption of L1 and L2 caches by 22 and 40%, respectively.This work has been jointly supported by the MINECO and European Commission (FEDER funds) under the project TIN2012-38341-C04-01 and the Fundaci’on Seneca-Agencia de Ciencia y Tecnología de la Región de Murcia under the project Jóvenes Líderes en Investigación 18956/JLI/13.Valls, JJ.; Ros Bardisa, A.; Sahuquillo Borrás, J.; Gómez Requena, ME. (2015). PS-Cache: an energy-efficient cache design for chip multiprocessors. Journal of Supercomputing. 71(1):67-86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-014-1288-5S6786711Balasubramonian R, Jouppi NP, Muralimanohar N (2011) Multi-core cache hierarchies. In: Synthesis lectures on computer architecture. Morgan & Claypool Publishers, San RafaelHennessy JL, Patterson DA (2011) Computer architecture, fifth edition: a quantitative approach, 5th edn. 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