Regularised Diffusion-Shock Inpainting

We introduce regularised diffusion--shock (RDS) inpainting as a modification of diffusion--shock inpainting from our SSVM 2023 conference paper. RDS inpainting combines two carefully chosen components: homogeneous diffusion and coherence-enhancing shock filtering. It benefits from the complementary synergy of its building blocks: The shock term propagates edge data with perfect sharpness and directional accuracy over large distances due to its high degree of anisotropy. Homogeneous diffusion fills large areas efficiently. The second order equation underlying RDS inpainting inherits a maximum--minimum principle from its components, which is also fulfilled in the discrete case, in contrast to competing anisotropic methods. The regularisation addresses the largest drawback of the original model: It allows a drastic reduction in model parameters without any loss in quality. Furthermore, we extend RDS inpainting to vector-valued data. Our experiments show a performance that is comparable to or better than many inpainting models, including anisotropic processes of second or fourth order

Wider die Arbeitslosigkeit der beruflich Geringqualifizierten: Entwurf eines Kombilohn-Verfahrens für den Niedriglohnsektor

Die Bekämpfung der Arbeitslosigkeit gehört zu den wichtigsten wirtschaftspolitischen Herausforderungen. Von dieser Arbeitslosigkeit sind gering qualifizierte Arbeitnehmer in besonderer Weise betroffen. Ziel des von uns entwickelnden Kombilohn-Verfahrens für den Niedriglohnsektor ist es, beruflich geringqualifizierten Arbeitnehmern den Arbeitsplatz zu erhalten und denjenigen, die bereits arbeitslos sind oder am Anfang ihres Berufslebens keine Arbeit finden, zu einem Arbeitsplatz im ersten, regulären Arbeitsmarkt zu verhelfen. Auf der Basis von Mikrosimulationsrechnungen quantifizieren wir die Effekte unterschiedlicher Ausgestaltungsmöglichkeiten unseres Reformvorschlags im Hinblick auf die Kosten-, Arbeitsangebots- und Verteilungswirkungen und zeigen, dass beschäftigungssteigernde Varianten unter bestimmten Bedingungen aufkommensneutral zu finanzieren sind.A low wage subsidy scheme against unemployment of low-skilled workers: The reduction of the high mass unemployment is on top of the political agenda in various countries. Especially low-skilled workers with low wages suffer from this mass unemployment. Therefore, we propose a basic income scheme / low wage subsidy scheme for low-skilled workers to help them find a new job or to keep their endangered job. Based on microsimulation calculations we estimate the fiscal, labour supply and distributional effects of different reform scenarios. Furthermore, we show that employment enhancing scenarios can be financed in a revenue-neutral way under certain conditions

Der Kölner Kombilohn für den Niedriglohnsektor

Clemens Fuest, Andreas Peichl und Thilo Schaefer, Universität zu Köln, sowie Joachim Mitschke stellen in diesem Beitrag das von ihnen entwickelte Kombilohnmodell, den »Kölner-Kombilohn«, vor und berechnen Beschäftigungs- sowie Aufkommenswirkungen ihres Vorschlags, bei dem gering entlohnte, beschäftigte und ungekündigte Arbeitnehmer Anspruch auf eine steuerliche Lohngutschrift haben. Diese wird vom Finanzamt auf der Lohnsteuerkarte vermerkt und vom Arbeitgeber mit dem Lohn ausbezahlt.Niedriglohn, Lohnsubvention, Arbeitsangebot, Soziale Mindestsicherung, Deutschland

Wider die Arbeitslosigkeit der beruflich Geringqualifizierten: Entwurf eines Kombilohn-Verfahrens für den Niedriglohnsektor

Die Bekämpfung der Arbeitslosigkeit gehört zu den wichtigsten wirtschaftspolitischen Herausforderungen. Von dieser Arbeitslosigkeit sind gering qualifizierte Arbeitnehmer in besonderer Weise betroffen. Ziel des von uns entwickelnden Kombilohn-Verfahrens für den Niedriglohnsektor ist es, beruflich geringqualifizierten Arbeitnehmern den Arbeitsplatz zu erhalten und denjenigen, die bereits arbeitslos sind oder am Anfang ihres Berufslebens keine Arbeit finden, zu einem Arbeitsplatz im ersten, regulären Arbeitsmarkt zu verhelfen. Auf der Basis von Mikrosimulationsrechnungen quantifizieren wir die Effekte unterschiedlicher Ausgestaltungsmöglichkeiten unseres Reformvorschlags im Hinblick auf die Kosten-, Arbeitsangebots- und Verteilungswirkungen und zeigen, dass beschäftigungssteigernde Varianten unter bestimmten Bedingungen aufkommensneutral zu finanzieren sind. -- A low wage subsidy scheme against unemployment of low-skilled workers: The reduction of the high mass unemployment is on top of the political agenda in various countries. Especially low-skilled workers with low wages suffer from this mass unemployment. Therefore, we propose a basic income scheme / low wage subsidy scheme for low-skilled workers to help them find a new job or to keep their endangered job. Based on microsimulation calculations we estimate the fiscal, labour supply and distributional effects of different reform scenarios. Furthermore, we show that employment enhancing scenarios can be financed in a revenue-neutral way under certain conditions.

Fecundity limits in Frangula alnus (Rhamnaceae) relict populations at the species' southern range margin

The geographic range of many temperate plant species is constrained by climate, but it remains little known how climate affects population performance at low-latitude range margins. This study investigated the reproduction of the Eurasian tree Frangula alnus in relict populations near its southwestern range limit in southern Spain. The aim was to identify the principal stages and causes of ovule loss experienced by these marginal populations. More than 6,800 flowers were monitored over 2 years, insect observations and different experiments were carried out to assess levels of pollen and resource limitation, as well as the influence of flowering phenology on seed production. Most ovule losses occurred during flower anthesis and were due to strong cross-pollen limitation. Fruit set was affected by tree size, light regime and flowering phenology, probably through their effects on pollinator behaviour. Fruit set was almost zero throughout the first half of the flowering season. Then it increased paralleling changes in pollinator abundance but was soon overridden by increasing ovule desiccation due to summer drought. Successful seed production was mostly confined to a brief period near the end of the flowering season. Adverse weather during this period in the second study year resulted in a threefold bud and flower mortality and a 50% decrease of fruit production. Spring rainfalls in southwestern Spain have diminished more than 30% through past decades leading to an earlier onset of summer drought. This trend and its adverse effects on seed production may contribute to explaining the recent decline of F. alnus at its southwestern range limit. © Springer-Verlag 2005.Peer Reviewe

Application of a genome-based predictive CHO model for increased mAb production and Glycosylation control

Monoclonal antibody therapeutics continue to grow in both number and market share with recent forecasts of global sales reaching ~$125MM by 2020. Most mAb products currently on the market are produced using cultured mammalian cells, typically Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, which provide the necessary post-translational modifications to make the antibody efficacious. Many post-translational modifications such as the oligosaccharide profile are considered critical quality attributes (CQAs) that must be tightly controlled throughout the manufacturing process to ensure product safety and effectiveness. Therefore, the ability to predict how cell culture media components, including potential contaminants like trace metals, will affect product formation and glycosylation is important from both a process development and process control viewpoint. A detailed genome-based, predictive CHO model from the Insilico Cells™ library was adapted by the reconstruction software Insilico Discovery™ for a representative fed-batch process through a collaborative effort leveraging the computational and experimental expertise of two companies. The final, compartmentalized network model contained 1900 reactions (including transport reactions), 1300 compounds and contains stoichiometric descriptions of anabolic pathways for amino acids, lipids and carbohydrate species. The genome-scale model was constrained using several assumptions on the cell physiology and then used to compute time-resolved flux distributions by the software module Insilico Inspector™. The Insilico Designer™ module was then used to subsequently reduce the large model to a computationally manageable reduced model able to describe all flux distributions using 5 flux modes, of which 4 combined several metabolic functions and one is independently responsible for product synthesis. Using Insilico Designer™, the kinetic parameters of the reduced model were estimated by fitting the model-predicted metabolite concentrations to the experimentally determined values. The calibrated model was able to properly describe the time-dependent trajectories of biomass, product and most metabolites. Simulations using the reduced model were run and a media composition predicted to improve mAb production was identified and experimentally verified. Furthermore, experiments probing the effects of trace metals on product glycosylation were used to extend the model’s glycosylation predictability. The ability to identify both metabolic signatures, as well as media components, that correlate to specific glycan profiles will allow for fine-tuning of desired CQAs and enable more robust control strategies in upstream processes

Anspruch und Wirklichkeit: Kann das Pariser Klimaabkommen funktionieren?

Ist das Klimaabkommen, das auf der Weltklimakonferenz in Paris im Dezember 2015 beschlossen wurde, ein wichtiger Schritt für den weltweiten Klimaschutz? Joachim Weimann, Universität Magdeburg, sieht zwar in der Tatsache, dass es überhaupt ein Abkommen gibt und dass sich Länder verpflichten, Klimaschutz zu betreiben, einen gewissen Fortschritt. Ein erfolgreicher Klimaschutz kann aber seiner Ansicht nach nur gelingen, wenn eine internationale Klimapolitik betrieben wird. In Paris wurde das genaue Gegenteil festgeschrieben, nämlich eine nationale Politik, bei der jedes einzelne Land seine eigenen Reduktionsziele definiere und selbstständig umsetze. Für Rüdiger Pethig, Universität Siegen, stellt das Pariser Abkommen trotz vielen Schwachstellen einen Meilenstein gegenüber dem davor Erreichten dar. Es sei zwar keineswegs die Lösung des Klimaproblems, aber habe die Hoffnung auf eine zukünftige Lösung ein wenig erhöht. Barbara Hendricks, Bundesministerin für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und Reaktorsicherheit, sieht in dem Paris-Abkommen die Chance, den Klimawandel in den Griff zu bekommen, denn mit dem Pariser Abkommen sei das Fundament für erfolgreichen internationalen Klimaschutz gelegt worden. Zentraler Bezugspunkt für die nationalen Planungen bleibe die europäische Klimaschutzpolitik. Für Ottmar Edenhofer, Potsdam-Institut für Klimafolgenforschung, Christian Flachsland und Ulrike Kornek, MCC, Berlin, ist das Abkommen noch kein klimapolitischer Durchbruch. Jetzt komme es darauf an, die Diskussion über koordinierte CO2-Mindestpreise und konditionale Klimafinanzierung so voranzutreiben, dass die Chancen internationaler Kooperation steigen. Zentral ist für Thomas Puls und Thilo Schae­fer, Institut der deutschen Wirtschaft Köln e.V., dass die großen CO2-Emittenten eine koordinierte Klimapolitik verfolgen und dass sich die Verweigerung von Klimaschutz nicht mehr ökonomisch rechnet. Das gehe am besten, wenn »die Schwergewichte« ein Preissystem für CO2 vereinbarten. Sven Schulze,

Analysis of reasons of insufficient wear resistance of pumps waterjet mixes

Проведен анализ недостаточной износостойкости деталей насосов для гидроабразивных смесей. Предложены пути повышения износостойкости деталей проточной части насосов на основе применения штампованных деталей взамен литых, а также композиционных материалов на основе углерод‐углерода.The analysis of the lack of wear parts pumps waterjet mixtures. Ways of improving the durability of the parts flow pump through the use of forged parts to replace the cast, as well as composite materials based on carbon‐carbon

Ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration cytology as an addendum to sentinel lymph node biopsy can perfect the staging strategy in melanoma patients

Background Ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration cytology (US-guided FNAC) can identify microscopic involvement of lymph nodes as in breast cancer and avoid surgical sentinel node (SN). Its utility in melanoma patients is controversial and subject of this study. Methods Between 2001 and 2010 over 1000 stage I/II consecutive melanoma patients prospectively underwent US-FNAC prior to SN biopsy. All patients underwent lymphoscintigraphy prior to US-FNAC. The Berlin US morphology criteria: Peripheral perfusion (PP), loss of central echoes (LCE) and balloon shaped (BS) were registered. FNAC was performed in case of presence of any of these factors. SN tumour burden was measured according to the Rotterdam criteria. All patients underwent SN or lymph node dissection (LND) in case of positive FNAC. Findings Mean/median Breslow thickness was 2.58/1.57 mm. Mean/median follow-up was 56/53 months (1-132). SN positivity rate was 21%. US-FNAC Sensitivity was 71% (US only) and 51% (US-FNAC). Sensitivity of US-FNAC was highest for T4 (76%) and ulcerated melanomas (63%). PP, LCE and BS had sensitivity of 69%, 24% and 24% respectively. Sensitivity of US-FNAC increased with increasing SN tumour burden. PP was an early sign of metastasis (58% in <0.1 mm metastases). Threshold size of a metastasis for FNAC was 0.3 mm. Five-year survival correlated to US-FNAC status (95% in negative and 59% in positive). Interpretation Ultrasound guided FNAC (US-FNAC) according to the Berlin morphology criteria could correctly identify at least half of all tumour positive sentinel nodes, prior to the surgical SN procedure. Peripheral perfusion is an early sign of metastasis, which is very sensitive, but with lower positive predictive value (PPV). It is responsible for the sensitivity of the procedure. Balloon shape is a sign of advanced metastases, with lower sensitivity, but high PPV. US-FNAC sensitivity correlated with increasing T-stage, ulceration of the primary and increasing SN tumour burden. US-FNAC status accurately predicts survival