ESTRUTURA DAS COMUNIDADES DE ENDOPARASITOS DE TRÊS ESPÉCIES DE PEIXES EM RIACHOS AFLUENTES DO RIO PIRAPÓ, ESTADO DO PARANÁ, BRASIL

An ichthyoparasitological study on 166 fishes, belonging to Poecilia reticulata Peters, 1859 (Poeciliidae), Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) (Pimelodidae) and Hypostomus ancistroides (Ihering, 1911) (Loricariidae) in tributary streams of the Pirapó River, located in and around urban city of Maringá, Paraná State, Brazil. The research aimed to recognize the endoparasite community of fishes analyzed, as well as to improve the knowledge about host/parasite relationships. We analyzed the correlation between the total length of the fish with levels of parasitism (prevalence, abundance). Due to the existence of sexual dimorphism in the species P. reticulata, we investigated the possible influence of sex of this fish on parasitism. In addition, we also analyzed the body surface and nostril for ectoparasites studies. There were no metazoan parasites on the body surface and nostril of the species analyzed. Only 15.06% of endoparasite prevalence was observed. A pentastomid species, Sebekia oxycephala (Diesing) Sambon, 1922 and cestode belonging to the order Pseudophyllidea were found, with a prevalence of 13.89 and 0.92%, respectively. The nematode species, Cucullanus (Cucullanus) pinnai Travassos, Artigas and Pereira, 1928 had a prevalence of 39.13% in Rhamdia quelen. No parasites found in the in the fish H. ancistroides. There was no correlation between the sex of P. reticulata with the prevalence and abundance of S. oxycephala. The hosts' lengths were not correlated with the prevalence and abundance of endoparasites. Thus, because parasites found were generalists, there appeared to be no relationship between parasitism with features/peculiarities of analyzed hosts (fishes), as would have been expected with high specificity parasites.Um estudo ictioparasitológico foi conduzido com 166 indivíduos pertencentes às espécies Poecilia reticulata Peters, 1859 (Poeciliidae), Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) e Hypostomus ancistroides (Ihering, 1911) (Loricariidae) em riachos afluentes do rio Pirapó, localizados na zona urbana e entorno da cidade de Maringá-PR. A pesquisa objetivou o levantamento da comunidade de endoparasitos nos peixes analisados, assim como um aprofundamento no conhecimento da relação parasita/hospedeiro. Dessa forma, foram analisadas possíveis correlações entre o Comprimento Total dos peixes com os níveis de parasitismo (prevalência, abundância). Em função da existência de dimorfismo sexual na espécie P. reticulata, foram investigadas possíveis influências do sexo deste peixe no parasitismo. De forma complementar, também foi analisada a superfície corporal e narina dos peixes na procura por ectoparasitos. Porém, não foram identificados metazoários parasitos na superfície do corpo e narina de nenhuma das espécies analisadas. Apenas 15,06% de prevalência endoparasitária foi observada nos hospedeiros investigados. Uma espécie de pentastomideo, Sebekia oxycephala (Diesing) Sambon, 1922, e um cestóide da ordem Pseudophyllidea foram os endoparasitos encontrados parasitando o peixe P. reticulata, com prevalência de 13,89 e 0,92 %, respectivamente. Rhamdia quelen apresentou prevalência de 39,13 % para o nematóide da espécie Cucullanus (Cucullanus) pinnai Travassos, Artigas e Pereira, 1928. Aespécie H. ancistroides não apresentou parasitos. Não foi observada correlação entre o sexo de P. reticulatacom a prevalência e abundância parasitária de S. oxycephala. Os comprimentos totais dos hospedeiros não se apresentaram correlacionados com as prevalências e abundâncias dos endoparasitos. Desta forma, devido ao fato dos parasitos encontrados serem generalistas, não foi observada vinculação do parasitismo com características/peculiaridades dos hospedeiros (peixes) analisados, como ocorre com parasitos de elevada especificidade

Endoparasite community structure of three fish species in tributary streams of the river Pirapó, Paraná state, Brazil.

An ichthyoparasitological study on 166 fishes, belonging to Poecilia reticulata Peters, 1859(Poeciliidae), Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) (Pimelodidae) and Hypostomus ancistroides (Ihering, 1911) (Loricariidae) in tributary streams of the Pirapó River, located in and around urban city of Maringá, Paraná State, Brazil. The research aimed to recognize the endoparasite community of fishes analyzed, as well as to improve the knowledge about host/parasite relationships. We analyzed the correlation between the total length of the fish with levels of parasitism (prevalence, abundance). Due to the existence of sexual dimorphism in the species P. reticulata, we investigated the possible influence of sex of this fish on parasitism. In addition, we also analyzed the body surface and nostril for ectoparasites studies. There were no metazoan parasites on the body surface and nostril of the species analyzed. Only 15.06% of endoparasite prevalence was observed. A pentastomid species, Sebekia oxycephala (Diesing) Sambon, 1922 and cestode belonging to the order Pseudophyllidea were found, with a prevalence of 13.89 and 0.92%, respectively. The nematode species, Cucullanus (Cucullanus) pinnai Travassos, Artigas and Pereira, 1928 had a prevalence of 39.13% in Rhamdia quelen. No parasites found in the in the fish H. ancistroides. There was no correlation between the sex of P. reticulata with the prevalence and abundance of S. oxycephala. The hosts' lengths were not correlated with the prevalence and abundance of endoparasites. Thus, because parasites found were generalists, there appeared to be no relationship between parasitism with features/peculiarities of analyzed hosts (fishes), as would have been expected with high specificity parasites.Um estudo ictioparasitológico foi conduzido com 166 indivíduos pertencentes às espécies Poecilia reticulata Peters, 1859 (Poeciliidae), Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) e Hypostomus ancistroides (Ihering, 1911) (Loricariidae) em riachos afluentes do rio Pirapó, localizados na zona urbana e entorno da cidade de Maringá-PR. A pesquisa objetivou o levantamento da comunidade de endoparasitos nos peixes analisados, assim como um aprofundamento no conhecimento da relação parasita/hospedeiro. Dessa forma, foram analisadas possíveis correlações entre o Comprimento Total dos peixes com os níveis de parasitismo (prevalência, abundância). Em função da existência de dimorfismo sexual na espécie P. reticulata, foram investigadas possíveis influências do sexo deste peixe no parasitismo. De forma complementar, também foi analisada a superfície corporal e narina dos peixes na procura por ectoparasitos. Porém, não foram identificados metazoários parasitos na superfície do corpo e narina de nenhuma das espécies analisadas. Apenas 15,06% de prevalência endoparasitária foi observada nos hospedeiros investigados. Uma espécie de pentastomideo, Sebekia oxycephala (Diesing) Sambon, 1922, e um cestóide da ordem Pseudophyllidea foram os endoparasitos encontrados parasitando o peixe P. reticulata, com prevalência de 13,89 e 0,92 %, respectivamente. Rhamdia quelen apresentou prevalência de 39,13 % para o nematóide da espécie Cucullanus (Cucullanus) pinnai Travassos, Artigas e Pereira, 1928. Aespécie H. ancistroides não apresentou parasitos. Não foi observada correlação entre o sexo de P. reticulatacom a prevalência e abundância parasitária de S. oxycephala. Os comprimentos totais dos hospedeiros não se apresentaram correlacionados com as prevalências e abundâncias dos endoparasitos. Desta forma, devido ao fato dos parasitos encontrados serem generalistas, não foi observada vinculação do parasitismo com características/peculiaridades dos hospedeiros (peixes) analisados, como ocorre com parasitos de elevada especificidade

Potentially inappropriate medications for the elderly: Incidence and impact on mortality in a cohort ten-year follow-up.

IntroductionPharmacological therapy plays an important role in disease control in the elderly; unfortunately, this comes with a high prevalence in the use of medications classified as potentially inappropriate.ObjectiveTo analyze the incidence, risk factors, and survival of elderly people using potentially inappropriate medications (PIM).MethodA ten-year follow-up assessment of elderly participants residing in a capital of Central Brazil was conducted. The initial assessment (baseline) included 418 elderly people. Data were collected through home interviews guided by a questionnaire covering socioeconomic, demographic, living conditions, and health variables. The medication information obtained comprised active ingredient, dosage, route, and regimen for the medications. The PIMs were classified according to 2019 Beers Criteria. The analyses were performed using STATA 15.0. For survival analysis, a Cox Regression was performed with the respective Kaplan Meier curve.ResultsThe incidence of PIM was 44.1 cases (95% CI: 35.2-54.7) per 1,000 people a year. The most used PIMs were nifedipine, glibenclamide, and sodium diclofenac. The risk factors were polypharmacy (aRR: 3.00; 95% CI: 1.31-6.88) and diabetes mellitus (aRR: 1.57; 95% CI: 1.03-2.39). We identified no statistically significant association between survival and the use of PIM.ConclusionThe study highlights the high consumption of PIM among the elderly causing polypharmacy risks. Health professionals working in drug treatment need to be alert to polypharmacy risks to ensure the rational use of medications to prevent adverse reactions and other health problems

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data