The EU and the Catalan Crisis

List of all differentially expressed proteins (n = 45) identified in the study. (XLSX 11 kb

Additional file 4: Table S3. of Proteome changes in the small intestinal mucosa of growing pigs with dietary supplementation of non-starch polysaccharide enzymes

List of all differentially expressed proteins (n = 104) identified in the study. (XLSX 31 kb

Additional file 1: of Proteome changes in the small intestinal mucosa of growing pigs with dietary supplementation of non-starch polysaccharide enzymes

The detailed description of the experiment methods, including mass spectrometric analysis procedures and parameters, bioinformatics analysis softwares, websites and real-time qPCR procedures. (DOCX 15 kb

Additional file 2: Table S1. of Proteome changes in the small intestinal mucosa of growing pigs with dietary supplementation of non-starch polysaccharide enzymes

qPCR primers used for verification of the differentially expressed genes of the small intestinal mucosa in growing pigs. (DOCX 14 kb

GO distribution analysis of differentially expressed proteins in hepatic tissues from treatment group and control group.

<p>The number of proteins for each GO annotation is shown in right axis, and the proportion of proteins for each GO annotation is exhibited in left axis.</p

High Concentrations of Atmospheric Ammonia Induce Alterations in the Hepatic Proteome of Broilers (<i>Gallus gallus</i>): An iTRAQ-Based Quantitative Proteomic Analysis

<div><p>With the development of the poultry industry, ammonia, as a main contaminant in the air, is causing increasing problems with broiler health. To date, most studies of ammonia toxicity have focused on the nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract in mammals. However, few detailed studies have been conducted on the hepatic response to ammonia toxicity in poultry. The molecular mechanisms that underlie these effects remain unclear. In the present study, our group applied isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-based quantitative proteomic analysis to investigate changes in the protein profile change in hepatic tissue of broilers exposed to high concentrations of atmospheric ammonia, with the goal of characterizing the molecular mechanisms of chronic liver injury from exposure to high ambient levels of ammonia. Overall, 30 differentially expressed proteins that are involved in nutrient metabolism (energy, lipid, and amino acid), immune response, transcriptional and translational regulation, stress response, and detoxification were identified. In particular, two of these proteins, beta-1 galactosidase (GLB1) and a kinase (PRKA) anchor protein 8-like (AKAP8 L), were previously suggested to be potential biomarkers of chronic liver injury. In addition to the changes in the protein profile, serum parameters and histochemical analyses of hepatic tissue also showed extensive hepatic damage in ammonia-exposed broilers. Altogether, these findings suggest that longtime exposure to high concentrations of atmospheric ammonia can trigger chronic hepatic injury in broilers via different mechanisms, providing new information that can be used for intervention using nutritional strategies in the future.</p></div

List of differentially expressed nutrients metabolic proteins in hepatic samples from treatment group and control group.

<p>A total of 30 proteins of differential abundance were grouped into eight classes based on putative functions. Protein expressions are represented as log₂ fold change relative to the control</p><p>List of differentially expressed nutrients metabolic proteins in hepatic samples from treatment group and control group.</p

qPCR validation of eight proteins of differential abundance from the hepatic tissues of 42-day-old AA broilers at the mRNA level (A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H).

<p>Samples were normalized with the reference gene β-actin. Data are presented as means ± S.D (n = 6 per group). Mean values with different superscript letters (^{a, b}) are significantly different (<i>P</i> < 0.05).</p

Histochemical examination of hepatic samples from broilers.

<p>Livers were fixed overnight in 10% phosphate-buffered formalin, and the tissue sections were prepared for hematoxylin and eosin staining. Representative images were captured by a microscope (Olympus BX51, Japan) at 400×; (A) CTRL, control group (3 ± 3 μL/L ammonia), (B) TRET, treatment group (75 ± 3 μL/L ammonia). In the TRET group, hepatocytes exhibited vacuole degeneration (arrow).</p

Functional classification of the proteins of differential abundance identified from the hepatic tissues of 42-day-old broilers.

<p>Functional classification of the proteins of differential abundance identified from the hepatic tissues of 42-day-old broilers.</p