Comparative analysis of the secretomes of Schizophyllum commune and other wood-decay basidiomycetes during solid-state fermentation reveals its unique lignocellulose-degrading enzyme system

Additional file 3: Table S2. Identified proteins in the secretomes of four fungi during SSF on Jerusalem artichoke stalk

Functions of the Clostridium acetobutylicium FabF and FabZ proteins in unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The original anaerobic unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis pathway proposed by Goldfine and Bloch was based on in <it>vivo </it>labeling studies in <it>Clostridium butyricum </it>ATCC 6015 (now <it>C. beijerinckii</it>) but to date no dedicated unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic enzyme has been identified in Clostridia. <it>C. acetobutylicium </it>synthesizes the same species of unsaturated fatty acids as <it>E. coli</it>, but lacks all of the known unsaturated fatty acid synthetic genes identified in <it>E. coli </it>and other bacteria. A possible explanation was that two enzymes of saturated fatty acid synthesis of <it>C. acetobutylicium</it>, FabZ and FabF might also function in the unsaturated arm of the pathway (a FabZ homologue is known to be an unsaturated fatty acid synthetic enzyme in enterococci).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We report that the FabF homologue located within the fatty acid biosynthetic gene cluster of <it>C. acetobutylicium </it>functions in synthesis of both unsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids. Expression of this protein in <it>E. coli </it>functionally replaced both the FabB and FabF proteins of the host in <it>vivo </it>and replaced <it>E. coli </it>FabB in a defined in <it>vitro </it>fatty acid synthesis system. In contrast the single <it>C. acetobutylicium </it>FabZ homologue, although able to functionally replace <it>E. coli </it>FabZ in <it>vivo </it>and in <it>vitro</it>, was unable to replace FabA, the key dehydratase-isomerase of <it>E. coli </it>unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in <it>vivo </it>and lacked isomerase activity in <it>vitro</it>.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Thus, <it>C. acetobutylicium </it>introduces the double of unsaturated fatty acids by use of a novel and unknown enzyme.</p

Być dzieckiem we współczesnej Polsce – szkic demograficzny

The binding sites of circLARP4 with miRNAs. a Schematic representation of potential binding sites of miRNAs with circLARP4. b The effects of miR-424 mimic or inhibitor on the expression level of circLARP4 in HCG-27 or MKN-28 cell line indicated by qRT-PCR. c The binding sites of wild type or mutant circLARP4 3’UTR with miR-424.-5p. d qRT-PCR analysis of the expression levels of LATS1 and YAP after transfection with circLARP4 + miR-424 in HGC-27 cells or si-circLARP4 + miR-424 inhibitor in MKN-28 cells. e the luciferase activity of wild type LATS1 3’UTR was examined by co-transfection with miR-424 mimic + circLARP4 in HGC-27 cells. f the luciferase activity of wild type LATS1 3’UTR was detected by co-transfection with miR-424 inhibitor + si-circLARP4 in MKN-28 cells. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01. (PDF 2681 kb

Horizontal and Vertical Distributions of Chromium in a Chromate Production District of South Central China

To study the horizontal and vertical distribution of chromium (Cr) in the soil of a chromate production site (CPS) and its nearby area (NA-CPS) in south central China, 61 profiles (depth: 14 m) in the CPS and 69 samples (topsoil) were excavated following a grid-sampling method. The geographic coordinates, elevation, and types of soil layers were recorded, and the total Cr in the soil and the total Cr and Cr(VI) in the leachate of the soil and in the groundwater were determined. Migration of Cr in surface soils may be represented in terms of a multiple linear regression equation (R2adj = 0.632). Distance, elevation, and pH are the primary factors that influence the horizontal distribution of Cr content in the surface soils, while the Cr concentration in different soil profiles mostly obeys the positive or negative binomial distributions. For a positive distribution, the Cr concentration decreases with increasing depth in the 0.0–8.0 m soil layer, under the fixing effect of soil. However, it shows an upward trend with a depth in the 8–14 m soil layer under the influence of Cr-polluted phreatic water. Under a negative distribution, Cr content is stable in the 0–6 m layer because of the influence of chromite ore processing residue mixed with miscellaneous fills, but it decreases obviously in the 6–14 m layer under the fixing effect of soil. Similar vertical distributions were observed for pH, LCr, LCr6+, and PCr6+. The decreasing amplitude of the Cr concentration for binomial distributions is mainly affected by the Cr concentration, pH, and LRCr of the soil. Moreover, PCr6+ of soil increases with pH, and the type of soil layer is the primary factor influencing LRCr in the soil profiles. Our results of the horizontal and vertical distributions of Cr could be used to guide investigations that are focused on reducing the number of samples in the horizontal and vertical directions at CPSs, and to improve risk assessments of CPSs and nearby areas

Assessing Terrestrial Water Storage and Flood Potential Using GRACE Data in the Yangtze River Basin, China

Floods have caused tremendous economic, societal and ecological losses in the Yangtze River Basin (YRB) of China. To reduce the impact of these disasters, it is important to understand the variables affecting the hydrological state of the basin. In this study, we used Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite data, flood potential index (FPI), precipitation data (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission, TRMM 3B43), and other meteorological data to generate monthly terrestrial water storage anomalies (TWSA) and to evaluate flood potential in the YRB. The results indicate that the basin contained increasing amounts of water from 2003 to 2014, with a slight increase of 3.04 mm/year in the TWSA. The TWSA and TRMM data exhibit marked seasonal characteristics with summer peaks and winter dips. Estimates of terrestrial water storage based on GRACE, measured as FPI, are critical for understanding and predicting flooding. The 2010 flood (FPI ~ 0.36) was identified as the most serious disaster during the study period, with discharge and precipitation values 37.95% and 19.44% higher, respectively, than multi-year average values for the same period. FPI can assess reliably hydrological extremes with high spatial and temporal resolution, but currently, it is not suitable for smaller and/or short-term flood events. Thus, we conclude that GRACE data can be effectively used for monitoring and examining large floods in the YRB and elsewhere, thus improving the current knowledge and presenting potentially important political and economic implications

A highly efficient temporal-spatial probability synthesized model from multi-temporal remote sensing for paddy rice identification

This article develops a temporal-spatial probability synthesized model (TSPSM), in which a metric describing the characteristic of temporal and spatial information is defined to map paddy rice distribution. The purpose is to reduce the effect of cloud contamination on classification. The error matrix and Kappa were used as accuracy measurement. Results showed that TSPSM obtained higher accuracy with significant difference from error matrices of the other two conventional methods, post comparison classification with post-classification comparison and majority voting. Moreover, smaller window was suitable for the area with higher fragmentation, while the larger was suitable for the area with lower fragmentation. It was concluded that TSPSM could help to improve the potentials of temporal optical image to map crops