Condiciones Laborales y de Salud de Los Trabajadores de la Maquila del Tabaco. Ciudad El Paraíso, Honduras. Octubre 2003 a Marzo 2004.

El propósito es describir las características socio demográficas, las condiciones de trabajo y situación de salud de los trabajadores para aportar información y conocer la magnitud y trascendencia de esta problemática y tomar decisiones necesarias de prevención

Cinchona Alkaloid-Squaramide Catalyzed Sulfa-Michael Addition Reaction: Mode of Bifunctional Activation and Origin of Stereoinduction

The mechanism of the enantioselective sulfa-Michael addition reaction catalyzed by a cinchona alkaloid-squaramide bifunctional organocatalyst was studied using density functional theory (DFT). Four possible modes of dual activation mechanism via hydrogen bonds were considered. Our study showed that Houk’s bifunctional Brønsted acid–hydrogen bonding model, which works for cinchonidine or cinchona alkaloid-urea catalyzed sulfa-Michael addition reactions, also applies to the catalytic system under investigation. In addition, we examined the origin of the stereoselectivity by identifying stereocontrolling transition states. Distortion–interaction analysis revealed that attractive interaction between the substrates and catalyst in the C–S bond forming transition state is the key reason for stereoinduction in this catalytic reaction. Noncovalent interaction (NCI) analysis showed that a series of more favorable cooperative noncovalent interactions, namely, hydrogen bond, π-stacking, and C–H···π interaction and C–H···F interactions, in the major <i>R</i>-inducing transition state. The predicted enantiometric excess is in good accord with the observed value

Dynamic expression patterns of differentially expressed genes in “ROC”22 after <i>S. scitamineum</i> inoculation.

<p>Notes: 0, 1, 2, 3, <b>−</b>1, <b>−</b>2 and <b>−</b>3 do not refer to the actual expression of the differentially expressed genes, but for the classification mark of gene dynamic changes. Gene numbers represent the actual number of dynamic expression patterns of differentially expressed genes. T1, “ROC”22 sample under sterile water stress after 24 h; T2–T4, “ROC”22 sample under <i>S. scitamineum</i> stress for 24, 48, and 120 h, respectively.</p><p>Dynamic expression patterns of differentially expressed genes in “ROC”22 after <i>S. scitamineum</i> inoculation.</p

Gene expression stability of 13 candidate genes in sugarcane as predicted by geNorm.

<p>Average expression stability (M) following stepwise exclusion of the least stable gene across all the samples within an experimental set. The least stable gene is on the left, and the most stable on the right. The name <i>eIF-4a</i> in the figure stands for <i>eIF-4α. ACT</i> stands for “β-actin” and <i>TUB</i> stands for “β-tubulin”.</p

Cluster heatmap of expression patterns of differentially co-expressed genes in both sugarcane cultivars at different time points after <i>S. scitamineum</i> inoculation.

<p>T1, T2, T3 and T4 denote “ROC”22 at 24 h after water inoculation, and at 24, 48 and 120 h after <i>S. scitamineum</i> inoculation, respectively; T5, T6, T7 and T8 denote Yacheng05-179 at 24 h after water inoculation, and at 24, 48 and 120 h after <i>S. scitamineum</i> inoculation, respectively; k1∼k9 indicate nine distinct expression patterns of differentially co-expressed genes.</p

Assembly results of sugarcane transcriptome using trinity software.

<p>Notes: N50 length is an indicator of measuring assembly effect, which is calculated by the accumulated length of the assembled fragments from long to short. When the sum is greater than or equal to 50% of the total length, the final accumulated fragment length is the N50 value. Mean length = for the average assembly length.</p><p>Assembly results of sugarcane transcriptome using trinity software.</p

Venn diagram of differentially co-expressed genes in both sugarcane cultivar after <i>S. scitamineum</i> inoculation at different time points.

<p>DR24, DR48 and DR120 denote differentially expressed gene sets obtained from “ROC”22 samples at 24, 48 and 120 h after <i>S. scitamineum</i> inoculation compared to control sample at 24 h after water inoculation, respectively; DY24, DY48 and DY120 denote differentially expressed gene sets obtained from Yacheng05-179 samples at 24, 48 and 120 h after <i>S. scitamineum</i> inoculation compared to control sample at 24 h after water inoculation, respectively; All DEGs, all differentially expressed genes; Up-regulation DEGs, up-regulated genes; Down-regulation DEGs, down-regulated genes.</p

RT-qPCR validation of parts of differentially expressed genes identified by Illumina sequencing.

<p>Q1, metacaspase-1-like gene; Q2, ribonuclease 3-like gene; Q3, pathogenesis-related protein (PR-10) gene; Q4, sucrose transporter (SUT1) gene; Q5, vacuolar amino acid transporter 1-like gene; Q6, heat shock protein-like gene. Y, Yacheng05-179; R, “ROC”22; 24 h, 48 h and 120 h, sugarcane buds inoculation with <i>Sporisorium scitamineum</i> at 24 h, 48 h and 120 h, respectively; qPCR, detection results of real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR; log₂FC, fold change of the differential expression genes in the transcriptome.</p

Venn diagram showing the number of genes with sustained differential co-expression between both sugarcane cultivars.

<p>DR-up and DR-down denote continuously up-regulated/down-regulated gene sets in “ROC”22 samples at 24, 48 and 120 h after <i>S. scitamineum</i> inoculation compared to control sample 24 h after water inoculation, respectively; DY-up and DY-down denote continuously up-regulated/down-regulated gene sets in Yacheng05-179 samples at 24, 48 and 120 h after <i>S. scitamineum</i> inoculation compared to control sample 24 h after water inoculation, respectively.</p

Dynamic expression models of differentially expressed genes in Yacheng05-179 after <i>S. scitamineum</i> inoculation (T5→T6→T7→T8).

<p>T5, T6, T7 and T8 denote Yacheng05-179 at 24 h after water inoculation, and at 24, 48 and 120 h after <i>S. scitamineum</i> inoculation, respectively.</p