Renin inhibition improves metabolic syndrome, and reduces angiotensin II levels and oxidative stress in visceral fat tissues in fructose-fed rats - Fig 4

<p><b>Effects of aliskiren on markers of oxidative stress in visceral adipose tissues, namely (A) superoxide dismutase (SOD) and (B) thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), in fructose-fed hypertensive rats.</b> Con: control rats were fed the normal chow diet; Fru: rats were fed the high-fructose diet for 8 weeks; FruA: rats received the same treatment as Group Fru, and aliskiren was concurrently administered; FruB: rats received the same treatment as Group Fru, and aliskiren was administered 4 weeks after the initiation of high-fructose feeding. Values are expressed as means ± SD mean of six independent samples. ^ and # denote <i>P</i> < 0.05 versus control rats and fructose-fed rats, respectively. N = 6 per group.</p

Renin inhibition improves metabolic syndrome, and reduces angiotensin II levels and oxidative stress in visceral fat tissues in fructose-fed rats - Fig 3

<p><b>Effects of aliskiren on visceral adipose expression of the isoforms (A) NOX1, (B) NOX2, and (C) NOX4 of NOX family in fructose-fed hypertensive rats.</b> Con: control rats were fed the normal chow diet; Fru: rats were fed the high-fructose diet for 8 weeks; FruA: rats received the same treatment as Group Fru, and aliskiren was concurrently administered; FruB: rats received the same treatment as Group Fru, and aliskiren was administered 4 weeks after the initiation of high-fructose feeding. Values are expressed as means ± SD mean of six independent samples. ^ and # denote <i>P</i> < 0.05 versus control rats and fructose-fed rats, respectively. N = 6 for each group.</p

Effects of a high-fructose diet alone and in combination with aliskiren treatment on serum glucose, insulin, triglycerides, total cholesterol, creatinine, and adipocytokines.

<p>Effects of a high-fructose diet alone and in combination with aliskiren treatment on serum glucose, insulin, triglycerides, total cholesterol, creatinine, and adipocytokines.</p

Changes in systolic blood pressure in control and fructose-fed rats with or without aliskiren treatment.

<p>Con: control rats were fed the normal chow diet; Fru: rats were fed the high-fructose diet for 8 weeks; FruA: rats received the same treatment as Group Fru, and aliskiren was concurrently administered; FruB: rats received the same treatment as Group Fru, and aliskiren was administered 4 weeks after the initiation of high-fructose feeding. Values are expressed as means ± standard deviation (SD) mean of six independent samples. * and ^ denote <i>P</i> < 0.05 versus a pre-fructose period and control rats at the corresponding time point, respectively. N = 6 for each group.</p

The average annual number of OPD visits, and expenditures per person of different dental procedures among eligible patients and different CKD stages from 2000 to 2008.

<p>The eligible subjects were recruited patient from 2008 to 2010. N = 10,457.</p><p>Abbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease; DENT, Dentistry; HC, healthy control; HR, high risk NT$, new Taiwan dollars; OPD, outpatient; WM, Western Medicine.</p>a<p>Expenditures were rounded to the nearest whole dollar.</p>b<p>ANOVA. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>c<p>Scheffe's test : HR>CKD.</p>d<p>Scheffe's test : HC>HR>CKD.</p>e<p>Scheffe's test : HR>CKD>HC.</p>f<p>Scheffe's test : HR>CKD>HC.</p>g<p>Scheffe's test : HR>HC>CKD.</p>h<p>Scheffe's test : Stage1>Stage2>Stage3a>Stage3b>Stage4>Stage5.</p>i<p>Scheffe's test : Stage3b>Stage2>Stage3a>Stage4>Stage5.</p

Medical history, anthropometric measurements and oral habits of eligible patients.

<p>The eligible subjects were recruited patient from 2008 to 2010. N = 10,457.</p><p>Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CVDs, cerebrovascular diseases; HC, healthy control; HR, high risk.</p>a<p>Underweight: BMI<18.5; Normal weight: BMI = 18.5–24; Overweight: BMI = 24–27; Obesity: BMI>27.</p>b<p>Chi-square test. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p

Demographic characteristics and socioeconomic status of eligible subjects.

<p>Unless otherwise indicated, values are number (percentage). The eligible subjects were recruited patient from 2008 to 2010. N = 10,457.</p><p>Abbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease; HC, healthy control; HR, high risk; NT$, new Taiwan dollars.</p>a<p>Chi-square test. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p

The average annual number of OPD visits and expenditures per person in WM and DENT among eligible patients and different CKD stages from 2000 to 2008.

<p>The eligible subjects were recruited patient from 2008 to 2010. N = 10,457.</p><p>Abbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease; DENT, Dentistry; HC, healthy control; HR, high risk NT$, new Taiwan dollars; OPD, outpatient; WM, Western Medicine.</p>a<p>Expenditures were rounded to the nearest whole dollar.</p>b<p>ANOVA. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>c<p>Scheffe's test : CKD>HR>HC.</p>d<p>Scheffe's test : HR>HC.</p>e<p>Scheffe's test :Stage5>Stage4>Stage3b>Stage3a>Stage2>Stage1.</p

Cumulative OPD expenditures per person in WM, DENT, and TCM from 2000 to 2008.

<p>The eligible subjects were recruited from 2008 to 2010. N = 10,457. Abbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease; DENT, Dentistry; HC, healthy control; HR, high risk; OPD, outpatient; NT$, new Taiwan dollars; TCM, Traditional Chinese Medicine; WM, Western Medicine.</p

Effect of resveratrol on distribution of lymphocyte subsets and production of immunoglobulins.

<p>(A) Percentages of CD4⁺, CD8⁺, and CD19⁺ immune cells and (B) serum anti-cBSA immunoglobulins IgG1 and IgG2a. Each bar shows the mean ± standard deviation of 5 mice. Abbreviations as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0125726#pone.0125726.g001" target="_blank">Fig 1</a>. *, <i>p <</i> 0.05.</p