4,196 research outputs found
Block Edit Errors with Transpositions: Deterministic Document Exchange Protocols and Almost Optimal Binary Codes
Document exchange and error correcting codes are two fundamental problems regarding communications. In the first problem, Alice and Bob each holds a string, and the goal is for Alice to send a short sketch to Bob, so that Bob can recover Alice\u27s string. In the second problem, Alice sends a message with some redundant information to Bob through a channel that can add adversarial errors, and the goal is for Bob to correctly recover the message despite the errors. In both problems, an upper bound is placed on the number of errors between the two strings or that the channel can add, and a major goal is to minimize the size of the sketch or the redundant information. In this paper we focus on deterministic document exchange protocols and binary error correcting codes.
Both problems have been studied extensively. In the case of Hamming errors (i.e., bit substitutions) and bit erasures, we have explicit constructions with asymptotically optimal parameters. However, other error types are still rather poorly understood. In a recent work [Kuan Cheng et al., 2018], the authors constructed explicit deterministic document exchange protocols and binary error correcting codes for edit errors with almost optimal parameters. Unfortunately, the constructions in [Kuan Cheng et al., 2018] do not work for other common errors such as block transpositions.
In this paper, we generalize the constructions in [Kuan Cheng et al., 2018] to handle a much larger class of errors. These include bursts of insertions and deletions, as well as block transpositions. Specifically, we consider document exchange and error correcting codes where the total number of block insertions, block deletions, and block transpositions is at most k <= alpha n/log n for some constant 0<alpha<1. In addition, the total number of bits inserted and deleted by the first two kinds of operations is at most t <= beta n for some constant 0<beta<1, where n is the length of Alice\u27s string or message. We construct explicit, deterministic document exchange protocols with sketch size O((k log n +t) log^2 n/{k log n + t}) and explicit binary error correcting code with O(k log n log log log n+t) redundant bits. As a comparison, the information-theoretic optimum for both problems is Theta(k log n+t). As far as we know, previously there are no known explicit deterministic document exchange protocols in this case, and the best known binary code needs Omega(n) redundant bits even to correct just one block transposition [L. J. Schulman and D. Zuckerman, 1999]
Power-Law Decay of Standing Waves on the Surface of Topological Insulators
We propose a general theory on the standing waves (quasiparticle interference
pattern) caused by the scattering of surface states off step edges in
topological insulators, in which the extremal points on the constant energy
contour of surface band play the dominant role. Experimentally we image the
interference patterns on both BiTe and BiSe films by measuring
the local density of states using a scanning tunneling microscope. The observed
decay indices of the standing waves agree excellently with the theoretical
prediction: In BiSe, only a single decay index of -3/2 exists; while in
BiTe with strongly warped surface band, it varies from -3/2 to -1/2 and
finally to -1 as the energy increases. The -1/2 decay indicates that the
suppression of backscattering due to time-reversal symmetry does not
necessarily lead to a spatial decay rate faster than that in the conventional
two-dimensional electron system. Our formalism can also explain the
characteristic scattering wave vectors of the standing wave caused by
non-magnetic impurities on BiTe.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure
Supermassive Black Holes with High Accretion Rates in Active Galactic Nuclei. IV. H Time Lags and Implications for Super-Eddington Accretion
We have completed two years of photometric and spectroscopic monitoring of a
large number of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) with very high accretion rates.
In this paper, we report on the result of the second phase of the campaign,
during 2013--2014, and the measurements of five new H time lags out of
eight monitored AGNs. All five objects were identified as super-Eddington
accreting massive black holes (SEAMBHs). The highest measured accretion rates
for the objects in this campaign are , where
,
is the mass accretion rates, is the Eddington luminosity and
is the speed of light. We find that the H time lags in SEAMBHs are
significantly shorter than those measured in sub-Eddington AGNs, and the
deviations increase with increasing accretion rates. Thus, the relationship
between broad-line region size () and optical luminosity at
5100\AA, , requires accretion rate as an additional
parameter. We propose that much of the effect may be due to the strong
anisotropy of the emitted slim-disk radiation. Scaling by
the gravitational radius of the black hole, we define a new radius-mass
parameter () and show that it saturates at a critical accretion rate of
, indicating a transition from thin to slim
accretion disk and a saturated luminosity of the slim disks. The parameter
is a very useful probe for understanding the various types of accretion onto
massive black holes. We briefly comment on implications to the general
population of super-Eddington AGNs in the universe and applications to
cosmology.Comment: 53 pages, 12 figures, 7 tables, accepted for publication in The
Astrophysical Journa
Simultaneous Conversion of Polarization and Frequency via Time‐Division‐Multiplexing Metasurfaces
AbstractMetasurfaces are artificially engineered two‐dimensional materials composed of sub‐wavelength meta‐atoms, which have shown unprecedented capabilities in manipulating the amplitude, phase, frequency, and polarization states of electromagnetic waves. Specifically, polarization control can be attained via suitable anisotropic, linear, and time‐invariant designs, while frequency conversion is realized via nonlinear or time‐varying platforms. Simultaneous manipulations of polarization and frequency would be of considerable practical interest in many application scenarios, but remain unattainable with current approaches. Here, a time‐division‐multiplexing metasurface is proposed to realize the simultaneous conversion of polarization and frequency. The platform relies on time‐modulated polarization switches and, by varying the duty cycle and time delays of the polarization channels, can arbitrarily rotate the polarization at the central frequency of operation, and synthesize various polarization states at selected harmonic frequencies. Theoretical predictions are validated via measurements on a prototype operating at microwave frequencies, providing the first experimental evidence of simultaneous polarization and frequency conversions via time‐division‐multiplexing metasurfaces. The outcomes open a new pathway in manipulating the electromagnetic waves via time‐varying metasurfaces, and may be of interest for a broad variety of applications in scenarios ranging from polarization imaging to quantum optics
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