Effect of Garlic Juice on Quality Changes of Oyster (Crassostrea Belcheri) Meat During Chilled Storage

Surat-thani oyster, a big and thin-shell bivalve mollusks, has been registered as Geographical Indicators, GI, as its good taste and delicacy as well as nutritious. Eaten style is raw then there is high risk to face with some disease as oyster is filter feeder. Physical, chemical, microbiological and sensory qualities after the oyster meat treated with the garlic juice at 0, 2 and 3 ml, respectively were monitored. Though initial pH of the control, untreated with garlic juice, was higher compared with the sample treated with 3 ml garlic juice, pH of it (control) was significantly lower (p5) at the end of the storag

Long Non-Coding RNA Expression Profiling of Mouse Testis during Postnatal Development

<div><p>Mammalian testis development and spermatogenesis play critical roles in male fertility and continuation of a species. Previous research into the molecular mechanisms of testis development and spermatogenesis has largely focused on the role of protein-coding genes and small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNAs and piRNAs. Recently, it has become apparent that large numbers of long (>200 nt) non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are transcribed from mammalian genomes and that lncRNAs perform important regulatory functions in various developmental processes. However, the expression of lncRNAs and their biological functions in post-natal testis development remain unknown. In this study, we employed microarray technology to examine lncRNA expression profiles of neonatal (6-day-old) and adult (8-week-old) mouse testes. We found that 8,265 lncRNAs were expressed above background levels during post-natal testis development, of which 3,025 were differentially expressed. Candidate lncRNAs were identified for further characterization by an integrated examination of genomic context, gene ontology (GO) enrichment of their associated protein-coding genes, promoter analysis for epigenetic modification, and evolutionary conservation of elements. Many lncRNAs overlapped or were adjacent to key transcription factors and other genes involved in spermatogenesis, such as <i>Ovol1</i>, <i>Ovol2</i>, <i>Lhx1</i>, <i>Sox3</i>, <i>Sox9</i>, <i>Plzf</i>, <i>c-Kit</i>, <i>Wt1</i>, <i>Sycp2</i>, <i>Prm1</i> and <i>Prm2</i>. Most differentially expressed lncRNAs exhibited epigenetic modification marks similar to protein-coding genes and tend to be expressed in a tissue-specific manner. In addition, the majority of differentially expressed lncRNAs harbored evolutionary conserved elements. Taken together, our findings represent the first systematic investigation of lncRNA expression in the mammalian testis and provide a solid foundation for further research into the molecular mechanisms of lncRNAs function in mammalian testis development and spermatogenesis.</p></div

Known imprinted long noncoding genes found in this study.

<p>Known imprinted long noncoding genes found in this study.</p

Differentially expressed lncRNAs share loci with spermatogenesis-related protein-coding genes.

<p>Examples of exonic sense (A), exonic antisense (B), intronic sense (C), intronic antisense (D), bidirectional (E and F), and intergenic (G) lncRNAs are shown. Each panel illustrates the organization of the lncRNA (red) to associated protein-coding genes (blue). CpG islands are indicated by green strips. Arrows indicate the direction of transcription.</p

Known haploid male germ cell-specific lncRNAs found in this study.

<p>Known haploid male germ cell-specific lncRNAs found in this study.</p

Expression patterns of randomly selected diferentially expressed lncRNAs on different time points of postnatal testis development.

<p>The vertical axis indicates relative expression levels of each lncRNA. The relative expression levels were assessed by Q-PCR and were normalized with GAPDH gene. Each result was the average of three independent biological replicates. The horizontal axis indicates the six time points of postnatal testis development from 6 days (d) to 8 weeks (w) after birth.</p

Summary of microarray analysis results.

*<p>Significant differential expression was defined as probes with P≤0.05 and absolute fold-change≥5.</p

Hierarchical clustering of lncRNAs differentially expressed in neonatal and adult mouse testis.

<p>A hierarchical clustered heat map showing the log2 transformed expression values for differentially expressed lncRNAs (absolute fold-change≥5; P≤0.05) between neonatal (N) and adult (A) mouse testis. The intensity of the color scheme is calibrated to the log2 expression values such that red refers to higher transcript abundance and blue refers to lower transcript abundance. The bar code on the right represents the color scale of the log 2 values. Each column represents the data from one of three biological replicates of each sample.</p

Examples of LncRNAs that overlap with microRNAs.

<p>Each panel illustrates the lncRNA (red) transcription initiation direction (indicated by an arrow) relative to an annotated microRNA (green). (A) <i>H19</i> overlaps with <i>mmu-mir-675.</i> (B) <i>AK144366</i> overlaps with <i>mmu-mir-202.</i> (C) Tissue expression pattern of <i>AK144366</i>, according to the Affymetrix Exon Tissues Track in the UCSC Genome Browser. Red indicates high level of expression.</p

Relative chromosomal distribution of expressed lncRNAs.

<p>Chromosomes are on the X axis, and the distribution ratio is on the Y axis. Vertical bands show the ratio (expressed probes/total probes) of expressed lncRNAs derived from each chromosome. “chrM” represents mitochondrial genome.</p