56 research outputs found
RL-Duet: Online Music Accompaniment Generation Using Deep Reinforcement Learning
This paper presents a deep reinforcement learning algorithm for online
accompaniment generation, with potential for real-time interactive
human-machine duet improvisation. Different from offline music generation and
harmonization, online music accompaniment requires the algorithm to respond to
human input and generate the machine counterpart in a sequential order. We cast
this as a reinforcement learning problem, where the generation agent learns a
policy to generate a musical note (action) based on previously generated
context (state). The key of this algorithm is the well-functioning reward
model. Instead of defining it using music composition rules, we learn this
model from monophonic and polyphonic training data. This model considers the
compatibility of the machine-generated note with both the machine-generated
context and the human-generated context. Experiments show that this algorithm
is able to respond to the human part and generate a melodic, harmonic and
diverse machine part. Subjective evaluations on preferences show that the
proposed algorithm generates music pieces of higher quality than the baseline
method
Continuously Controllable Facial Expression Editing in Talking Face Videos
Recently audio-driven talking face video generation has attracted
considerable attention. However, very few researches address the issue of
emotional editing of these talking face videos with continuously controllable
expressions, which is a strong demand in the industry. The challenge is that
speech-related expressions and emotion-related expressions are often highly
coupled. Meanwhile, traditional image-to-image translation methods cannot work
well in our application due to the coupling of expressions with other
attributes such as poses, i.e., translating the expression of the character in
each frame may simultaneously change the head pose due to the bias of the
training data distribution. In this paper, we propose a high-quality facial
expression editing method for talking face videos, allowing the user to control
the target emotion in the edited video continuously. We present a new
perspective for this task as a special case of motion information editing,
where we use a 3DMM to capture major facial movements and an associated texture
map modeled by a StyleGAN to capture appearance details. Both representations
(3DMM and texture map) contain emotional information and can be continuously
modified by neural networks and easily smoothed by averaging in
coefficient/latent spaces, making our method simple yet effective. We also
introduce a mouth shape preservation loss to control the trade-off between lip
synchronization and the degree of exaggeration of the edited expression.
Extensive experiments and a user study show that our method achieves
state-of-the-art performance across various evaluation criteria.Comment: Demo video: https://youtu.be/WD-bNVya6k
A critical review of cyber-physical security for building automation systems
Modern Building Automation Systems (BASs), as the brain that enables the
smartness of a smart building, often require increased connectivity both among
system components as well as with outside entities, such as optimized
automation via outsourced cloud analytics and increased building-grid
integrations. However, increased connectivity and accessibility come with
increased cyber security threats. BASs were historically developed as closed
environments with limited cyber-security considerations. As a result, BASs in
many buildings are vulnerable to cyber-attacks that may cause adverse
consequences, such as occupant discomfort, excessive energy usage, and
unexpected equipment downtime. Therefore, there is a strong need to advance the
state-of-the-art in cyber-physical security for BASs and provide practical
solutions for attack mitigation in buildings. However, an inclusive and
systematic review of BAS vulnerabilities, potential cyber-attacks with impact
assessment, detection & defense approaches, and cyber-secure resilient control
strategies is currently lacking in the literature. This review paper fills the
gap by providing a comprehensive up-to-date review of cyber-physical security
for BASs at three levels in commercial buildings: management level, automation
level, and field level. The general BASs vulnerabilities and protocol-specific
vulnerabilities for the four dominant BAS protocols are reviewed, followed by a
discussion on four attack targets and seven potential attack scenarios. The
impact of cyber-attacks on BASs is summarized as signal corruption, signal
delaying, and signal blocking. The typical cyber-attack detection and defense
approaches are identified at the three levels. Cyber-secure resilient control
strategies for BASs under attack are categorized into passive and active
resilient control schemes. Open challenges and future opportunities are finally
discussed.Comment: 38 pages, 7 figures, 6 tables, submitted to Annual Reviews in Contro
Carbonâbiodiversity relationships in a highly diverse subtropical forest
Carbonâfocused climate mitigation strategies are becoming increasingly important in forests. However, with ongoing biodiversity declines we require better knowledge of how much such strategies account for biodiversity. We particularly lack information across multiple trophic levels and on established forests, where the interplay between carbon stocks, stand age, and tree diversity might influence carbonâbiodiversity relationships. Using a large dataset (>4600 heterotrophic species of 23 taxonomic groups) from secondary, subtropical forests, we tested how multitrophic diversity and diversity within trophic groups relate to aboveground, belowground, and total carbon stocks at different levels of tree species richness and stand age. Our study revealed that aboveground carbon, the key component of climateâbased management, was largely unrelated to multitrophic diversity. By contrast, total carbon stocksâthat is, including belowground carbonâemerged as a significant predictor of multitrophic diversity. Relationships were nonlinear and strongest for lower trophic levels, but nonsignificant for higher trophic level diversity. Tree species richness and stand age moderated these relationships, suggesting longâterm regeneration of forests may be particularly effective in reconciling carbon and biodiversity targets. Our findings highlight that biodiversity benefits of climateâoriented management need to be evaluated carefully, and only maximizing aboveground carbon may fail to account for biodiversity conservation requirements
Direct and indirect effects of climate on richness drive the latitudinal diversity gradient in forest trees
Data accessibility statement: Full census data are available upon reasonable request from the ForestGEO data portal, http://ctfs.si.edu/datarequest/ We thank Margie Mayfield, three anonymous reviewers and Jacob Weiner for constructive comments on the manuscript. This study was financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2017YFC0506100), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31622014 and 31570426), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (17lgzd24) to CC. XW was supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB3103). DS was supported by the Czech Science Foundation (grant no. 16-26369S). Yves Rosseel provided us valuable suggestions on using the lavaan package conducting SEM analyses. Funding and citation information for each forest plot is available in the Supplementary Information Text 1.Peer reviewedPostprin
Multiscale entropy algorithms and their applications in cardiac disease discrimination
In recent years, the number of cardiac disease patients has been increasing. Modern medical research has shown that the complexity of electrocardiogram (ECG) signals is related to cardiovascular diseases. This paper investigates the difference in complexity of ECG data from the people with different cardiovascular diseases, such as atrial fibrillation (AF), ventricular arrhythmia (VA) and congestive heart failure (CHF). The empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and multiscale entropy method are used to analyze the ECG data, and a mathematical model established by a support vector machine is used to identify different diseases. The accuracy recognition rate of the AF recognition is 96.25%, and that of the CHF and VA reach 90.26% and 92.20%, respectively. The experimental results show that the recognition method proposed in this paper is successful
Association between Serum Uric Acid and Liver Enzymes in Adults Aged 20 Years and Older in the United States: NHANES 2005â2012
Although the relationship between serum uric acid (SUA) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease has been widely reported, the relationship between SUA and liver enzymes has rarely been reported. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of SUA levels with alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in populations aged 20 years and older in the United States. We analyzed 7165 individuals aged 20 years and older from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) in the United States. Weighted multiple linear regression models were used to analyze the relationship between SUA and ALT and AST. A generalized additive model and a smooth curve fitting were used to observe the linear relationship. SUA was positively correlated with ALT and AST. In addition, the overall increasing trend of ALT and SUA was observed across the SUA quartile groups. In the stratified analysis by sex and race, the SUA levels in male, female, Mexican American, and Non-Hispanic White individuals, and those of another race, were positively correlated with ALT and AST. However, the SUA levels in Non-Hispanic Black individuals had a nonlinear relationship with ALT and AST. In individuals aged 20 years and older in the United States (excluding Non-Hispanic Black individuals), SUA levels were positively associated with ALT and AST. Therefore, with a rise in SUA levels, liver function should be monitored or intervened with in people aged 20 years and older in the United States
Clinical nursesâ compassion fatigue psychological experience process: a constructivist grounded theory study
Abstract Background Clinical nurses are susceptible to compassion fatigue when exposed to various types of traumatic events in patients for extended periods of time. However, the developmental process, staging, and psychological responses distinct to each stage of compassion fatigue in nurses are not fully clarified. This study aimed to explore the processes of compassion fatigue and the psychological experiences specific to each phase of compassion fatigue among clinical nurses. Methods Charmazâs Constructivist Grounded Theory methodology was used in this qualitative research. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 13 clinical nurses with varying degrees of compassion fatigue from December 2020 to January 2021. Interview data were analyzed using grounded theory processes. Results The data were categorized into five separate categories and 22 sub-categories. This study found that the process of compassion fatigue is dynamic and cumulative, which was classified into five phases: compassion experience period, compassion decrement period, compassion discomfort period, compassion distress period, and compassion fatigue period. Conclusion Clinical nurses who experience compassion fatigue may go through five stages that are stage-specific and predictable. The findings can shed light on local and global applications to better understand the problem of nursesâ compassion fatigue. The interventions for addressing compassion fatigue in clinical nurses should be stage-specific, targeted, and individualized
A non-negative and high-resolution finite volume method for the depth-integrated solute transport equation using an unstructured triangular mesh
This paper proposes a new high-resolution finite volume method for solving the two-dimensional (2D) solute transport equation using an unstructured mesh. A new simple r-factor algorithm is introduced into the Total Variation Diminishing flux limiter to achieve a more efficient yet accurate high-resolution scheme for solving the advection term. To avoid the physically-meaningless negative solutions resulted from using the GreenâGauss theorem, a nonlinear two-point flux approximation scheme is adopted to deal with the anisotropic diffusion term. The developed method can be readily coupled with a two-dimensional finite-volume-based flow models under unstructured triangular mesh. By integrating with the ELCIRC flow model, the proposed method was verified using three idealized benchmark cases (i.e., advection of a circle-shaped solute field, advection in a cyclogenesis flow field and transport of a initially square-shaped solute plume), and further applied to simulate the non-reactive solute transport process driven by irregular tides in the Deep Bay, eastern Pearl River Estuary of China. These cases are also simulated by models using other existing methods, including different r-factor for advection term and the GreenâGauss theorem for diffusion term. The comparison between the results from the new method and those from other existing methods demonstrated the new method could describe advection induced concentration shock and discontinuities, and anisotropic diffusion at high resolution without providing spurious oscillations and negative values
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