3.5Å cryoEM structure of hepatitis B virus core assembled from full-length core protein.

The capsid shell of infectious hepatitis B virus (HBV) is composed of 240 copies of a single protein called HBV core antigen (HBc). An atomic model of a core assembled from truncated HBc was determined previously by X-ray crystallography. In an attempt to obtain atomic structural information of HBV core in a near native, non-crystalline environment, we reconstructed a 3.5Å-resolution structure of a recombinant core assembled from full-length HBc by cryo electron microscopy (cryoEM) and derived an atomic model. The structure shows that the 240 molecules of full-length HBc form a core with two layers. The outer layer, composed of the N-terminal assembly domain, is similar to the crystal structure of the truncated HBc, but has three differences. First, unlike the crystal structure, our cryoEM structure shows no disulfide bond between the Cys61 residues of the two subunits within the dimer building block, indicating such bond is not required for core formation. Second, our cryoEM structure reveals up to four more residues in the linker region (amino acids 140-149). Third, the loops in the cryoEM structures containing this linker region in subunits B and C are oriented differently (~30° and ~90°) from their counterparts in the crystal structure. The inner layer, composed of the C-terminal arginine-rich domain (ARD) and the ARD-bound RNAs, is partially-ordered and connected with the outer layer through linkers positioned around the two-fold axes. Weak densities emanate from the rims of positively charged channels through the icosahedral three-fold and local three-fold axes. We attribute these densities to the exposed portions of some ARDs, thus explaining ARD's accessibility by proteases and antibodies. Our data supports a role of ARD in mediating communication between inside and outside of the core during HBV maturation and envelopment

The Study on Safety Evaluation of Evacuation in a Large Supermarket

AbstractSupermarkets are typical crowded public places where the accident caused by evacuation congestion in any emergency event happened easily. In this paper, the number of customers, the ratio of personnel's age, the walking speed and other basic datas were obtained by present observation in a typical supermarket. On this basis, the evacuation scenarios were simulated by buildingEXODUS software for this supermarket and the safety performance was analysed. At last, the safety measures of supermarket management for evacuation were proposed

Editorial: Selected Papers from the 18th Air Transport Research Society World Conference, Bordeaux (France), 2014

The 18th Air Transport Research Society World Conference (ATRS) was held in Bordeaux, France, from July 17 to July 20, 2014. The conference attracted some 347 participants, and 321 papers were presented. The guest editors have selected six papers to be included in this special issue. These papers cover a wide range of topics presented and discussed at the conference and offer important contribution to the literature on air transport

Travel and Online Review Behavior

Understanding the generation of online reviews is a fundamental issue for firms to gain benefits from online reviews. Our study tries to investigate the antecedents of online review characteristics by figuring out the following two research questions: (1) Will travel influence consumers’ post-consumption behavior (i.e., consumers’ review behavior)? And if so, (2) will consumers’ social capital moderate the influence of travel on consumers’ review behavior? The results show that consumers on travel tend to give higher review ratings and are more possible to post pictures while writing online reviews; consumers’ social capital level exacerbates the positive influence of travel on review ratings and mitigates the positive impact of travel on review richness

ベイコク ニ オケル シャガイ トリシマリヤク セイド ト チュウゴクホウ ヘ ノ シサ

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