Design, Fabrication, and Application of Colorless Polyimide Film for Transparent and Flexible Electronics

Driven by the emerging development of transparent and flexible electronics, colorless polyimide (CPI) has been attracting much attention in recent years. As a key component for next generation electronics, CPI film will be well focused both on research and commercialization. In this chapter, we would like to provide a review and outlook to the field for the reference of scientists, engineers, and entrepreneurs. Topics being addressed are formulation/design, synthesis of the resin, fabrication, and characterization of the CPI films, as well as trends of the film application for the next generation of electronics. Attention will also be given to the current stage of manufacturing of CPI monomers and resin, industrial production of CPI films, etc

Développement d'une méthodologie d'évaluation de la criticité des matériaux au niveau du produit

Rare earth crisis in 2010 showed the importance of some materials and whipped up interest in the research on material criticality. A review work was first conducted in order to get a better understanding of the existing work in this research area and to see where more work is needed. Based on this review, three research gaps were identified (lack of a comprehensive diagnosis of criticality; lack of evaluation methodology at the product level; lack of links between the mechanism of criticality, the evaluation methodology and the solutions offered. This thesis focuses on the two first research gaps and offers several ideas for the last one. Regarding diagnosis of criticality, the mechanism is illustrated under four dimensions: imbalance between supply and demand, importance of the material to product, supply accessibility and dynamic factors. A definition of criticality is also put forward. Considering the established mechanism as research core, a methodology to evaluate the criticality of materials at the product level has been developed and is completed with a concrete and quantitative model. The methodology offers guidance on how to assess criticality and sets a framework for evaluation. The model illustrates a way to use this methodology through a tool that assigns a ‘criticality score’ to materials and shows how the score is contributed. The calculations were automated in Excel. Two applications, one for permanent magnet and the other for light emitting diode, were conducted to demonstrate and improve the methodology and the modelLes impacts causés par la crise des terres rares en 2010 mettent en évidence l’importance des matériaux et ont conduit en un intérêt accru dans la recherche sur leur criticité. Cette thèse s’ouvre par un état de l’art qui présente et évalue les travaux existants dans ce domaine et met en évidence trois lacunes de la recherche sur la criticité des matériaux (l’absence d’un véritable diagnostic de criticité; l’absence d’une méthodologie d’évaluation de la criticité au niveau produit; le défaut de lien bien établi entre mécanisme de criticité, méthode d’évaluation et solutions proposées). En conséquence, la thèse comble les deux premières lacunes et offre plusieurs pistes à l’égard de la troisième. Concernant le diagnostic de la criticité d’un matériau, la thèse propose d’illustrer le mécanisme de criticité par quatre dimensions : le déséquilibre entre offre et demande ; l’importance du matériau pour le produit ; l’accessibilité de l’approvisionnement ; et les facteurs dynamiques. Une définition de la criticité est proposée. Le mécanisme de criticité étant au centre de la recherche, une méthodologie permettant de déterminer la criticité matérielle à l’échelle « produit » est développée et complétée par un modèle applicatif quantitatif. La méthodologie offre un raisonnement général pour conduire une étude de la criticité ; le modèle illustre une de ses possibilités d’être appliqué à des cas réels pour déterminer quantitativement la criticité. A la fin, l’application du modèle à deux produits (l’aimant permanent et la diode électroluminescente) est présenté

Mercury Flow Analysis: Case of Mercury-contained Lamp Products in South Korea and France

International audienceMercury (Hg) has been used for various human activities, such as manufacturing or burning coal for fuel, for a long time, and is emitted to the air with elemental mercury, particle-bound mercury and oxidized mercury forms by human activities and from natural sources, such as volcanoes. As it is easily accumulated in ecosystem, it is notorious for its harmful effects on humans as well as higher levels of the food chain. However, until a recent date, mercury is used primarily for the manufacture of industrial chemicals or for electrical and electronic applications. Mercury containing items and chemicals are still used and old equipment and processes containing mercury may still be used in some facilities. Therefore, it is very important to quantify the mercury consumptions, flows and stocks in mercury-contained products in a national system. Material flow analysis (MFA) is a useful assessment method to shed light on the consumption, concentration, and accumulation of a specific material used in each boundary system, depending on the way the target material is traced. The purpose of this research is to review the characteristics and to quantify the flows of mercury emissions in lamp products in South Korea and France in order to establish an inventory for mercury. In the calculation, mercury import for lamp production and lamp products import, consumption, recycling and treatment were considered. Once the data was treated, two mercury flow maps (expressed in kilograms) were drawn. One represents flows and stocks of mercury-containing lamps and the other depicts flows and stocks of mercury in each country in 2012. Our results can be used for future national mercury inventory development, management and policy

Critical Materials Evaluation Model and Methodology in a Product and Industrial Level

International audienceRecently strategic or critical materials issues are drawing more and more attention. Even though all materials are important in a certain degree, it is still important to determine those critical ones due to the limited labor, time and cost. Based on literature reviews about existing critical materials studies, we found several research gaps: firstly, a comprehensive analysis of elements (impact factors) which influence the criticality of materials is missing; secondly, the majority current studies focused on determining the critical materials of a geographical area or on studying the criticality of one metal family. The evaluation of critical materials for a product or a sector is missing. Finally, the interrelations among impact factors, evaluation modeling, and the mitigation approaches are not well established. The purpose of this study is to develop a model and methodology which is able to alert and evaluate the critical materials for a product so that the industries can use it as a decision-making support tool. By benchmarking and analyzing existing indicators, parameters, calculation concepts, we proposed a suitable evaluation modeling of critical materials for a product/sector in the industrial level. The criticality evaluation is considered in four areas. 1) Imbalance between demand and supply, 2) Importance to the functionality offered by the material to the product, 3) The accessibility to the supply which differs into the part should not be accessed and the part not be able to access, 4) Dynamic factors or abrupt changes. Another unique point of this research approach is that we establish the links between the evaluation and recommendations of mitigation approaches. This study is evaluating the critical materials for a product and industry level. It can be used by different companies and industries to make better decisions for R&D orientations or purchasing

Review of critical material studies

International audienc

Cost, Energy and Global Warming Potential (GWP) Impact of Future Lighting Systems in EU 27

International audienceCurrently about 20% of global electricity consumption is used for lighting which is not very efficient yet. To response to the energy saving issue, choosing a more efficient lighting system becomes a mandatory way according to some legislations in EU27. Although there were some research studies on the specific lighting technologies, life cycle assessment of different lighting systems, and energy consumption modeling. However, none of them can tell us how much energy consumption and CO2 emission can be reduced due to the lighting system transition as well as the cost benefits in the view of customers. In 2012, 27% of CFL (Compact Fluorescent lamp), 26% of Halogen, 22% of incandescent, 11% of Linear Fluorescent, and 13% of LED lamps are used in Europe. In 2020, the LED is expected to share 77% of the domestic lighting market and the incandescent lamps would be eliminated completely. Based on these kind of information, this study shows the quantitative assessment of the energy consumption, global warming potential and cost of the future lighting system as well as a practical case in the EU 27 level which can be interpreted the developed methodology. In this study, it made by three parts; after the goal and scope of the study being conducted, the first part is the benchmarking of the current lighting system in EU 27, the following part is the development of future scenarios by combing the legislations and technology improvements, and the last part is development of three assessment models which shows the results from the three formulas developed in the assessment models (the energy consumption value, and the global warming potential value of the lighting transition as well as the quantification of cost saving for users)

Conceptual Evaluation Model and Methodology for criticality of materials in a Product and Industrial Level

International audienceRecently strategic or critical materials issues are drawing more and more attention. Even though all materials are important in a certain degree, it is still important to determine those critical ones due to the limited labor, time and cost. Based on literature reviews about existing critical materials studies, we found several research gaps: firstly, a comprehensive analysis of elements (impact factors) which influence the criticality of materials is missing; secondly, the majority current studies focused on determining the critical materials of a geographical area or on studying the criticality of one metal family. The evaluation of critical materials for a product or a sector is missing. Finally, the interrelations among impact factors, evaluation modeling, and the mitigation approaches are not well established. The purpose of this study is to develop a model and methodology which is able to alert and evaluate the critical materials for a product so that the industries can use it as a decision-making support tool. By benchmarking and analyzing existing indicators, parameters, calculation concepts, we proposed a suitable evaluation modeling of critical materials for a product/sector in the industrial level. A thorough case study of rare earth materials was conducted to support the choices of main impact parameters of criticality of materials. For example, with the case study, we can see that the reserve amount of rare earth was and will not be a problem for a long term. The criticality evaluation is considered in four areas (main impact parameters). 1) Imbalance between demand and supply, 2) Importance to the functionality offered by the material to the product, 3) The accessibility to the supply which differs into the part should not be accessed and the part not be able to access, 4) Dynamic factors or abrupt changes. Another unique point of this research approach is that we establish the links between the evaluation and recommendations of mitigation approaches. This study is evaluating the critical materials for a product and industry level. It can be used by different companies and industries to make better decisions for R&D orientations or purchasing

CITY GROUND DESIGN AND THE IMAGE OF THE CITY: THE PORTUGUESE CALÇADA

From the mid of the XVIIIth century, all cities faced one of the fundamental changes in the structure of their landscape. Increasing in population and economic activity involves the disappearance of earthy streets, refurbishing them with sidewalk, turned into the support structure of the services of the road, and road traffic space. In Lisbon extends the paving of the road following the "systema Portuguez" with irregular basalt and sandstone elements, and already in 1834 is set on " Pelouro das Calçadas" liable to experience, first, the system "macadam" (c. 1839 ) and subsequently and gradually introducing the asphalt. The sidewalk is treated mostly with limestone slabs that from the last third of the century will be replaced by the "ordinary Portuguese pavement" in limestone. A referral is the "ditto de mosaico" pavement. This pavement was experienced by Eusebio Pinheiro Furtado in the São Jorge Castle (1842), and will extend to all the city, especially since the paving of the "Mar Largo" in the Rossio (1848). Thus, during the extension of sidewalks along Camões Sq., Cesar Augusto dos Santos, Inspector of the Admistration of streets, expresses substitution policy paved the cobblestones "The system to employ in the clumping of these walks should be mosaic, not only by the beauty that presents as because it is an art in this city, a beauty that can lead to end up choosing a simple pattern but trying not exceeding 500-600$ square meters" (Cesar dos Santos 1869). Finally, in 1895 the City Council decreed the use of "stoned to Portuguese" in any new paving and sidewalk reconstruction. Representative sites of the city are qualified artistically with this way of doing so identitary and characteristic, not for nothing we could understand it as one of the first extensive productions of public art in the contemporary sense of the term. This paving system extends over Portugal and went international in Spain when Júlio César Augusto Cordeiro patented in Madrid (1895) the "Portuguese mosaic" that crystallize in the sidewalk of Paseo de San Juan in Barcelona (1896) - before the Paris Exposition of 1900, the Praça de São Sebastião in Manaus, the Rio Branco and the Atlantic avenues in Rio de Janeiro- coming to live with "modernist" street lights that Pere Falqués designed for "Cinc d'Oros" in Barcelona. The Portuguese calçada forms part of the identity of Lisbon and affects the brand image of the city. However, despite their identity and artistic value, the calçada is in mortal danger. The pavement-form - including the "calçada-form"-is at the root of some of the flagship operations creating the image of the city (Havana, 1928; Alicante, 1957; the Ramblas in Barcelona, 1969; reform of the Avenida Atlantica in Rio by Burle Marx, 1970). However, these same operations show that the "form-calçada" does not meet many of the requirements of economy, security or universal accessibility required by the contemporary city. In the paper was to analyze the causes and reasons that hover over the announced death of calçada á Portugueza

Material criticality definition diagnostic and two proposed concepts

International audienceThe term “critical raw materials” or “criticality” just separated recently from other similar notions for instance “strategic”, “shortage”, or “important”. Even though this is a novel research area, it drew a lot of attention, especially to the governmental institutes. Among the existing reports of critical materials, none of them showed an in-depth analysis of how to define the critical materials or the criticality. The most well-known version of critical materials explanation is to face high supply or environmental risk and to be of high economic importance[1]. However, an official definition or the deduction of current explanations is lacking. Due to the lack of diagnostic of criticality impact factors before definition, the current methodologies are either too subjective, or not comprehensive enough. Furthermore, there is no methodology for a specific industrial sector. With those issues in mind, the purposes of this study are to do a comprehensive and in-depth diagnostic for the definition of criticality or critical materials; to provide a more robust quantitative criticality assessment methodology; and to zoom in at one specific industrial sector level. For the diagnostic of criticality, the economic, technological, social, political, geographical and environmental aspects will be considered. The different parameters and sub-parameters under each aspect will be indicated while several parameters or sub-parameters are related to more than one aspect. Another part of the diagnostic is about variables like when, who, where, dynamic changes etc. i.e. different subjects in different places during different times make different results of critical materials under different situations. To sum up, only with the consideration of every aspect and variable, a comprehensive definition can be proposed which can lead to a robust methodology able to determine critical materials. In terms of methodology, the current methodologies are almost based on the same basic concept developed by the National Research Centre[2]. Some studies[3][4] added another axis. The first concept proposed by this study is based on a three-dimension but with an extension of time which allows the integration of dynamic aspects. The scale will be continuous so that the results are more precise. The criticality is determined by the distance between the position of one materials and the origin and by the angle between the point and the critical line. This concept allows a visualisation of critical relationship between two materials and a quantification of criticality order. The second proposed concept here can be figurative to a balance. The criticality is based on the imbalance between the demand and supply. The demand and supply’s weights are both influenced by the aforementioned aspects. These weighting relations will be quantified by indicators of corresponding parameters. The way the “balance” behave is influenced by the variables defined in the definition diagnostic part. The tilt degree toward the demand side represents the criticality. The first proposed concept is suitable for determining the criticality order of a list of materials while the second concept is more suitable for determining whether a material is or will become critical or not