12,818 research outputs found
Reducing sample variance: halo biasing, non-linearity and stochasticity
Comparing clustering of differently biased tracers of the dark matter
distribution offers the opportunity to reduce the cosmic variance error in the
measurement of certain cosmological parameters. We develop a formalism that
includes bias non-linearities and stochasticity. Our formalism is general
enough that can be used to optimise survey design and tracers selection and
optimally split (or combine) tracers to minimise the error on the
cosmologically interesting quantities. Our approach generalises the one
presented by McDonald & Seljak (2009) of circumventing sample variance in the
measurement of . We analyse how the bias, the noise,
the non-linearity and stochasticity affect the measurements of and explore
in which signal-to-noise regime it is significantly advantageous to split a
galaxy sample in two differently-biased tracers. We use N-body simulations to
find realistic values for the parameters describing the bias properties of dark
matter haloes of different masses and their number density.
We find that, even if dark matter haloes could be used as tracers and
selected in an idealised way, for realistic haloes, the sample variance limit
can be reduced only by up to a factor .
This would still correspond to the gain from a three times larger survey volume
if the two tracers were not to be split. Before any practical application one
should bear in mind that these findings apply to dark matter haloes as tracers,
while realistic surveys would select galaxies: the galaxy-host halo relation is
likely to introduce extra stochasticity, which may reduce the gain further.Comment: 21 pages, 13 figures. Published version in MNRA
Perturbations in electromagnetic dark energy
It has been recently proposed that the presence of a temporal electromagnetic
field on cosmological scales could explain the phase of accelerated expansion
that the universe is currently undergoing. The field contributes as a
cosmological constant and therefore, the homogeneous cosmology produced by such
a model is exactly the same as that of CDM. However, unlike a
cosmological constant term, electromagnetic fields can acquire perturbations
which in principle could affect CMB anisotropies and structure formation. In
this work, we study the evolution of inhomogeneous scalar perturbations in this
model. We show that provided the initial electromagnetic fluctuations generated
during inflation are small, the model is perfectly compatible with both CMB and
large scale structure observations at the same level of accuracy as
CDM.Comment: 12 pages, 3 figures. Added new comments to match the published
versio
An effective theory of accelerated expansion
We work out an effective theory of accelerated expansion to describe general
phenomena of inflation and acceleration (dark energy) in the Universe. Our aim
is to determine from theoretical grounds, in a physically-motivated and model
independent way, which and how many (free) parameters are needed to broadly
capture the physics of a theory describing cosmic acceleration. Our goal is to
make as much as possible transparent the physical interpretation of the
parameters describing the expansion. We show that, at leading order, there are
five independent parameters, of which one can be constrained via general
relativity tests. The other four parameters need to be determined by observing
and measuring the cosmic expansion rate only, H(z). Therefore we suggest that
future cosmology surveys focus on obtaining an accurate as possible measurement
of to constrain the nature of accelerated expansion (dark energy and/or
inflation).Comment: In press; minor changes, results unchange
Using Critical Integrative Argumentation to Assess Socioscientific Argumentation Across Decision-Making Contexts
Socioscientific issues (SSI) are often used to facilitate studentsâ engagement in multiple scientific practices such as decision-making and argumentation, both of which are goals of STEM literacy, science literacy, and integrated STEM education. Literature often emphasizes scientific argumentation over socioscientific argumentation, which involves considering social factors in addition to scientific frameworks. Analyzing studentsâ socioscientific arguments may reveal how students construct such arguments and evaluate pedagogical tools supporting these skills. In this study, we examined studentsâ socioscientific arguments regarding three SSI on pre- and post-assessments in the context of a course emphasizing SSI-based structured decision-making. We employed critical integrative argumentation (CIA) as a theoretical and analytical framework, which integrates arguments and counterarguments with stronger arguments characterized by identifying and refuting counterarguments. We hypothesized that engaging in structured decision-making, in which students integrate multidisciplinary perspectives and consider tradeoffs of various solutions based upon valued criteria, may facilitate studentsâ development of integrated socioscientific arguments. Findings suggest that studentsâ arguments vary among SSI contexts and may relate to studentsâ identities and perspectives regarding the SSI. We conclude that engaging in structured decision-making regarding personally relevant SSI may foster more integrated argumentation skills, which are critical to engaging in information-laden democratic societies
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