Ethyl 5-hy­droxy-6-oxo-4-phenyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-cyclo­penta­[b]thio­phene-5-carboxyl­ate

In the title mol­ecule, C16H14O4S, the dihydro­cyclo­penta­thio­phenone ring system is almost planar, with an r.m.s. deviation of 0.060 Å from the best fit plane through all nine non-H atoms. The cyclo­penta­none ring adopts a severely flattened envelope conformation with the C atom carrying the OH and ethylcarboxylate substituents at the flap. This atom lies only 0.185 (3) Å from the plane through the other four C atoms. The phenyl substituent is inclined at 43.37 (5)° to the dihydro­cyclo­penta­thio­phenone mean plane. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked by pairs of O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers with R 2 2(10) ring motifs. Weak C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds also link mol­ecules into chains along c, while an approximately orthogonal set of C—H⋯O contacts form chains along b, resulting in layers lying parallel to (100). Inversion dimers also form through weaker R 2 2(12) C—H⋯S contacts, which combine with C—H⋯O contacts to form stacks along b

1,4-Bis(iodo­meth­yl)benzene

The centrosymmetric title compound, C8H8I2, was prepared by metathesis from the dibromo analogue. In the crystal structure, weak C—H⋯I inter­actions link the mol­ecules into stacks down the b axis. The structure is further stabilized by short I⋯I contacts [3.8433 (2) Å], forming undulating sheets in the (101) plane

A scoping study for potential community‐based carbon offsetting schemes in the Falkland Islands

A report to Falklands Conservation. In this report, we consider the potential for a future Falkland Island carbon offsetting scheme. Such a scheme would provide a mechanism by which businesses, organisations and individuals could invest in land‐management and restoration schemes that would deliver greenhouse gas reductions or removals, delivering financial support to farmers and others to adopt sustainable land‐management practices, undertake restoration and increase the extent of ecologically valuable habitats. Overall, we consider that a Falkland Island peatland carbon offsetting scheme would have the potential to deliver significant climate change mitigation, to support habitat conservation, and to generate new sources of income for farmers, other landowners and the Islands as a whole. Any scheme would need to be sustainable and developed in partnership with the camp community and wider Falkland society to ensure that it is appropriate for the culture, economics and environment of the Islands

Land use change and soil carbon pools: Evidence from a long-term silvopastoral

Multi-functional silvopastoral systems provide a wide range of services to human society including the regulation of nutrients and water in soils and the sequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). Although silvopastoral systems significantly contribute to enhance aboveground carbon (C) sequestration (e.g. C accumulation in woody plant biomass), their long-term effects on soil C pools are less clear. In this study we performed soil physical fractionation analyses to quantify the C pool of different aggregate fractions across three land use types including (1) silvopastoral system with ash trees (Fraxinus excelsior L.), (2) planted woodland with ash trees, and (3) permanent grassland, which were established in 1989 at Loughgall, Northern Ireland, UK. Our results show that 26 years after the conversion of permanent grassland to either silvopastoral or woodland systems, soil C (and N) stocks (0–20 cm depth) did not significantly change between the three land use types. We found, however, that permanent grassland soils were associated with significantly higher C pools (g C kg−1 soil; P 2 mm) whereas soil C pools of the micro-aggregate (53–250 μm) and silt and clay (< 53 μm) fractions were significantly higher in the silvopastoral and woodland systems (P < 0.05). A key finding of this study is that while tree planting on permanent grassland may not contribute to greater soil C stocks it may, in the long-term, increase the C pool of more stable (recalcitrant) soil micro-aggregate and silt and clay fractions, which could be more resilient to environmental change

6-Hy­droxy-5,7,8-trimethyl­chroman-2-one

The title compound, C12H14O3, consists of a chromanone unit with an –OH substituent at the 4-position and methyl substituents on the remaining C atoms of the aromatic ring. The fused pyran­one ring adopts a distorted envelope conformation with the methyl­ene group adjacent to the carbonyl carbon as the flap atom. The crystal structure is stabilized by classical O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds and weak C—H⋯O and C—H⋯π inter­actions, generating a three-dimensional network

4-(Dimethyl­amino)pyridinium 4-toluene­sulfonate

In the title compound, C7H11N2 +·C7H7O3S−, the cation is protonated at the N atom of the heterocyclic ring. The dimethyl­amino group lies close to the pyridinium ring plane with a dihedral angle between the pyridinium and the dimethyl­amine CNC planes of 3.82 (17)°. The N—C bond linking the dimethyl­amino substituent to the pyridinium ring is characteristically short [1.3360 (19) Å], suggesting some delocalization in the cation. In the crystal structure, N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link individual pairs of cations and anions. The structure is further stabilized by an extensive series of C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, augmented by π–π [centroid–centroid distance between adjacent pyridinium rings = 3.5807 (10) Å] and C—H⋯π inter­actions, giving a network structure

(Carbonyl-1κC)bis­[2,3(η5)-cyclo­penta­dien­yl][μ3-(S-methyl trithio­carbonato)methylidyne-1:2:3κ4 C,S′′:C:C](triphenyl­phosphine-1κP)(μ3-sulfido-1:2:3κ3 S)dicobalt(II)iron(II) trifluoro­methane­sulfonate

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, [FeCo2(C5H5)2(C3H3S3)S(C18H15P)(CO)]CF3SO3, consists of a triangular irondicobalt cluster cation and a trifluoro­methane­sulfonate anion. In the cation, the FeCo2 triangle is symmetrically capped on one face by an S atom and on the other by a C atom linked to a methyl trithio­carbonate residue that bridges the Fe—C bond. Each Co atom carries a cyclo­penta­dienyl ligand while the Fe atom coordinates to one carbonyl and one triphenyl­phosphine ligand. In the crystal structure, the cation is linked to the anion by a number of weak non-classical C—H⋯O and C—H⋯F hydrogen bonds and weak S⋯O (3.317 Å) and S⋯F (3.198 Å) inter­actions. The structure is further stabilized by additional inter­molecular C—H⋯O, C—H⋯F and O⋯O (2.942 Å) contacts, together with an unusual S⋯π(Cp) inter­action (S⋯centroid distance = 3.385 Å), generating an extended network

N-Methacryloyl-4-(piperidin-1-yl)-1,8-naphthalimide

In the title compound, C21H20N2O3, the naphthalimide unit is almost planar (r.m.s. deviation for the 15 non-H atoms = 0.059 Å). The carboximide N atom and the five C atoms of the 2-methyl­prop-2-enoyl substituent also lie in a plane (r.m.s. deviation = 0.009 Å), which subtends an angle of 84.34 (7)° to the naphthalamide plane. This orients the =CH2 group of the vinyl fragment towards the naphthalimide rings, giving the mol­ecule an extended configuration. The piperidine ring adopts a chair conformation and there is evidence for some delocalization between the naphthalene and piperidine units, the C—Npip bond length being 1.404 (4) Å. In the crystal structure, π–π contacts with centroid–centroid distances of 3.5351 (18) and 3.7794 (18) Å supported by C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link adjacent mol­ecules in a head-to-tail fashion, forming dimers. These are further stabilized by other C—H⋯O contacts of varying strength, which stack the mol­ecules down the b axis

[η5-(Phenyl­ethyn­yl)cyclo­penta­dien­yl](η4-tetra­phenyl­cyclo­butadiene)cobalt(I)

In the title compound, [Co(C13H9)(C28H20)], the Co atom is sandwiched between cyclo­penta­dienyl and cyclo­butadienyl rings that are inclined at a dihedral angle of 2.6 (3)°. The four phenyl rings are tilted with respect to the cyclo­butadienyl plane so that the C4Ph4 unit constitutes a four-bladed propeller. The phenyl ring of the phenyl-alkyne substituent is inclined to the cyclo­penta­dienyl ring at an angle of 34.92 (18)°. The crystal structure is stabilized solely by C—H⋯π inter­actions which generate a three-dimensional network