30 research outputs found

    Climate Risk and the Fossil Fuel Industry: Two Feet High and Rising

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    As climate change effects grow more pronounced, there can be little doubt that an industry that produces 68 percent of human greenhouse gas emissions will find itself under increasing pressure. The risks to the industry correlate with progress on climate goals. Unless a technological breakthrough can restrict carbon releases, the fortunes of the fossil fuel industry and the stability of Earth's climate will be locked in a zero-sum game. Climate's gain is the industry's loss and vice versa. For coal, the threats posed by climate action are already being felt. Coal's fortunes now rest with developing countries, where decisions to seek China-style, coal-led development will increasingly be met by international pressure to choose an alternate path

    Carter Doctrine 3.0: Evolving U.S. Military Guarantees for Gulf Oil Security

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    The “Carter Doctrine” advanced by President Jimmy Carter led to the establishment of a strong U.S. military security presence in the Persian Gulf region, then the source of a significant share of America’s crude oil imports. Yet currently, U.S. military power underpins security for Gulf crude oil exports that increasingly flow to Asia. Authors Gabriel Collins and Jim Krane argue in this issue brief that despite this change in trade relations, the U.S. retains an enduring interest in preserving political stability and securing oil flows from the Persian Gulf

    Carter Doctrine 3.0? Asia Drives Oil & LNG Demand, Middle Eastern Producers Bring Supply, and the U.S. Military Provides Security

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    This PowerPoint PDF accompanied a presentation by fellows Gabriel Collins and Jim Krane at the Baker Institute event "Energy Security in the Asia-Pacific Region: Current Trends and Future Developments" on March 16, 2017

    Reflection and tunneling of ocean waves observed at a submarine canyon

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    Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2005. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Research Letters 32 (2005): L10602, doi:10.1029/2005GL022834.Ocean surface gravity waves with periods between 20 and 200 s were observed to reflect from a steep-walled submarine canyon. Observations of pressure and velocity on each side of the canyon were decomposed into incident waves arriving from distant sources, waves reflected by the canyon, and waves transmitted across the canyon. The observed reflection is consistent with longwave theory, and distinguishes between cases of normal and oblique angles of incidence. As much as 60% of the energy of waves approaching the canyon normal to its axis was reflected, except for waves twice as long as the canyon width, which were transmitted across with no reflection. Although waves approaching the canyon at oblique angles cannot propagate over the canyon, total reflection was observed only at frequencies higher than 20 mHz, with lower frequency energy partially transmitted across, analogous to the quantum tunneling of a free particle through a classically impenetrable barrier.Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research and the National Science Foundation

    Qatar ‘rises above’ its region: Geopolitics and the rejection of the GCC gas market

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    A curious imbalance afflicts energy markets in the Persian Gulf region. Five of the six Gulf monarchies exhibit shortages in domestic supply of natural gas, with two of them turning to market-priced imports of liquefied natural gas, mostly from outside the region. Meanwhile, the sixth Gulf monarchy, Qatar, holds the world’s third-largest conventional reserves and is the planet’s number two gas exporter. Why is Qatar, given its enormous resources and relatively small domestic needs, unwilling to supply gas sufficient to meet its neighbours’ demand? After all, Qatar, like its neighbours on the Arabian Peninsula, is a member of the Gulf Cooperation Council, a monarchical bloc that links these six Sunni Muslim-led regimes through trade, customs and immigration treaties, even marriage ties. A currency union among the six is also planned. Surely it makes more economic sense for the five gas-short monarchies to import via pipeline from such a well-endowed regional ally, rather than enter the competitive global liquefied natural gas (LNG) market with its implications for higher prices on fuel and higher costs of transport? The answers to these questions – the theme that drives our research – flow from two broad categories: pricing and politics. Briefly, gas-short GCC states have historically been unwilling to pay what Qatar considered a reasonable price for its gas. In part because of this recalcitrance, Qatar has “risen above” the GCC market. It sought instead to export its gas as LNG to far-flung customers where it secured much higher prices on long-term bilateral contracts. Success in LNG has allowed Qatar to build an extraordinary level of global influence and improve its national security. It has done this by compiling links to powerful importing states that have become stakeholders in the security of continued Qatari supply. Qatar’s gains in revenue, political influence and security have reduced its dependence on regional markets. In the short to medium-term, Qatari supply appears unlikely to assuage unmet demand in neighbouring monarchies

    Strategi för instÀllning av relÀskydd i fördelningsstationer

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    Kortslutningar och jordfel förekommer dagligen i elnĂ€tet, dĂ€rför Ă€r personsĂ€kerhet och skydd av utrustning avgörande vid utformning av skyddssystem. Medan dagens samhĂ€lle blir mer och mer beroende av elektricitet sĂ„ ökar Ă€ven kraven pĂ„ driftsĂ€kerhet, vilket stĂ€ller högre krav pĂ„ felbortkopplingen. SkellefteĂ„ Krafts mĂ„lsĂ€ttning Ă€r dĂ€rför att upprĂ€tthĂ„lla en hög leveranssĂ€kerhet genom att minimera antalet avbrott som sker varje Ă„r. För att koppla bort fel i nĂ€tet anvĂ€nds relĂ€skydd. Korrekt instĂ€llda relĂ€skydd Ă€r dĂ€rför en förutsĂ€ttning för ett vĂ€l fungerande elnĂ€t. Genom att koordinera relĂ€skyddens instĂ€llningar kan en snabb bortkoppling och isolering av felbehĂ€ftad del sĂ€kerstĂ€llas. MĂ„let med rapporten Ă€r att utforma ett förslag pĂ„ en strategi för relĂ€skyddsinstĂ€llningar i SkellefteĂ„ Kraft ElnĂ€ts fördelningsstationer (30/10 kV). Arbetet Ă€r uppdelat i en teoretisk och en praktisk del. Den teoretiska delen behandlar generell strategi och filosofi för relĂ€skyddsinstĂ€llningar. I den praktiska delen konfigureras relĂ€skydd i en av SkellefteĂ„ Krafts fördelningsstationer, utifrĂ„n den framtagna strategin.  I rapporten redogörs för de olika delar som pĂ„verkar relĂ€skyddsinstĂ€llningar, bland annat: kortslutningsströmmar, faktorer som pĂ„verkar relĂ€er, skyddsfilosofi, jordningsmetod och reservdriftslĂ€ggning. BerĂ€kningar har dels gjorts i nĂ€tberĂ€kningsprogram för uppskattning av kortslutningsströmmar, dels manuellt vid berĂ€kning av jordslutningsström. Arbetet utgĂ„r frĂ„n de krav och rekommendationer som anges i ELSÄK-FS 2008:1 och SS-EN 61936–1.  Resultatet pĂ„visar bland annat att transient överrĂ€ckning och Ă„tergĂ„ngsförhĂ„llande Ă€r mer framtrĂ€dande nĂ€r det gĂ€ller Ă€ldre elektromekaniska strömrelĂ€er, Ă€n modernare numeriska relĂ€er. Dessutom uppmĂ€rksammas att jordfelsskyddens kĂ€nslighetsinstĂ€llningar bör vĂ€ljas utifrĂ„n ledningstyp, dĂ„ bortkoppling ska initieras för övergĂ„ngsresistanser upp till 3000 ohm i nĂ€t med oisolerad luftledning och 5000 ohm i nĂ€t med belagd luftledning. DĂ€rför uppdaterades instĂ€llningarna för samtliga jordfelsskydd som skyddar utgĂ„ende ledningar i undersökt 30/10 kV-station

    Reforming end-user energy prices could rationalize GCC energy demand

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    The six GCC economies – Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Oman, Kuwait, Qatar, and Bahrain – are some of the world’s most profligate consumers of energy and emitters of greenhouse gases, relative to their size. Other hydrocarbon exporters in the region, notably Iran and Algeria, are beset by similar circumstances. Observers have attributed this state of affairs to the very low prices at which energy is sold in these countries. However, there have been few attempts to quantify the effects of subsidies on domestic consumption. This article takes a simplified approach to a complex topic by posing the following questions: What would happen if fuel and electricity prices in the Gulf monarchies were increased to world market levels? How would consumers respond? More specifically, would electricity demand in Abu Dhabi adjust to look more like that in unsubsidized, but otherwise similar, Arizona

    Strategi för instÀllning av relÀskydd i fördelningsstationer

    No full text
    Kortslutningar och jordfel förekommer dagligen i elnĂ€tet, dĂ€rför Ă€r personsĂ€kerhet och skydd av utrustning avgörande vid utformning av skyddssystem. Medan dagens samhĂ€lle blir mer och mer beroende av elektricitet sĂ„ ökar Ă€ven kraven pĂ„ driftsĂ€kerhet, vilket stĂ€ller högre krav pĂ„ felbortkopplingen. SkellefteĂ„ Krafts mĂ„lsĂ€ttning Ă€r dĂ€rför att upprĂ€tthĂ„lla en hög leveranssĂ€kerhet genom att minimera antalet avbrott som sker varje Ă„r. För att koppla bort fel i nĂ€tet anvĂ€nds relĂ€skydd. Korrekt instĂ€llda relĂ€skydd Ă€r dĂ€rför en förutsĂ€ttning för ett vĂ€l fungerande elnĂ€t. Genom att koordinera relĂ€skyddens instĂ€llningar kan en snabb bortkoppling och isolering av felbehĂ€ftad del sĂ€kerstĂ€llas. MĂ„let med rapporten Ă€r att utforma ett förslag pĂ„ en strategi för relĂ€skyddsinstĂ€llningar i SkellefteĂ„ Kraft ElnĂ€ts fördelningsstationer (30/10 kV). Arbetet Ă€r uppdelat i en teoretisk och en praktisk del. Den teoretiska delen behandlar generell strategi och filosofi för relĂ€skyddsinstĂ€llningar. I den praktiska delen konfigureras relĂ€skydd i en av SkellefteĂ„ Krafts fördelningsstationer, utifrĂ„n den framtagna strategin.  I rapporten redogörs för de olika delar som pĂ„verkar relĂ€skyddsinstĂ€llningar, bland annat: kortslutningsströmmar, faktorer som pĂ„verkar relĂ€er, skyddsfilosofi, jordningsmetod och reservdriftslĂ€ggning. BerĂ€kningar har dels gjorts i nĂ€tberĂ€kningsprogram för uppskattning av kortslutningsströmmar, dels manuellt vid berĂ€kning av jordslutningsström. Arbetet utgĂ„r frĂ„n de krav och rekommendationer som anges i ELSÄK-FS 2008:1 och SS-EN 61936–1.  Resultatet pĂ„visar bland annat att transient överrĂ€ckning och Ă„tergĂ„ngsförhĂ„llande Ă€r mer framtrĂ€dande nĂ€r det gĂ€ller Ă€ldre elektromekaniska strömrelĂ€er, Ă€n modernare numeriska relĂ€er. Dessutom uppmĂ€rksammas att jordfelsskyddens kĂ€nslighetsinstĂ€llningar bör vĂ€ljas utifrĂ„n ledningstyp, dĂ„ bortkoppling ska initieras för övergĂ„ngsresistanser upp till 3000 ohm i nĂ€t med oisolerad luftledning och 5000 ohm i nĂ€t med belagd luftledning. DĂ€rför uppdaterades instĂ€llningarna för samtliga jordfelsskydd som skyddar utgĂ„ende ledningar i undersökt 30/10 kV-station
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