Diversidad de hormigas en la dieta del oso hormiguero gigante, Myrmecophaga tridactyla (Pilosa: Myrmecophagidae), en la Reserva Natural Iberá, Argentina

El oso hormiguero gigante, Myrmecophaga tridactyla, es una especie catalogada como vulnerable tanto a nivel mundial como en Argentina, donde desapareció en varias regiones de su distribución nativa. Un programa de reintroducción de especies se lleva a cabo desde 2006 en la Reserva Natural Iberá en Corrientes. Se estudió la dieta de los osos hormigueros gigantes liberados para determinar la identidad de sus presas y conocer si poseen preferencia por hormigas o termitas o por sitios de alimentación (abiertos o cerrados). Se colectaron 22 muestras de heces entre 2008-2013, recuperándose cabezas y mesosomas. Estos tagmas fueron identificados en 12 taxones de hormigas y uno de termitas. Los taxones observados representaron el 80% de lo esperado a ser ingerido por los osos. Camponotus fue el género más común, y Acromyrmex y Solenopsis los más abundantes numéricamente. Los taxones ingeridos por M. tridactyla se relacionaron positivamente con la disponibilidad del área, sugiriendo que los osos no tienen preferencia por presas en particular. Principalmente consumieron hormigas con nidos conspicuos de Solenopsis, Camponotus y Acromyrmex que se encuentran mayormente en áreas abiertas de la reserva y no en el bosque, hábitat preferido. Creemos que debido a la alta disponibilidad de esas presas, los osos reducen su tiempo de búsqueda de forrajeo, y por ende, su tiempo de permanencia en áreas abiertas, evitando así riesgos de prelación y daños térmicos. La conservación de ambos hábitats, abiertos y cerrados, sería esencial para el mantenimiento de la población reintroducida de osos hormigueros gigantes.The giant anteater, Myrmecophaga tridactyla, globally categorized as a vulnerable species, has disappeared in several regions of its original distribution in Argentina. A program to reintroduce the species has been conducted in the Iberá Nature Reserve in Corrientes province since 2006. The diet of released giant anteaters was studied to determine the identity of their prey, and establish whether they have preference for ants or termites or, rather, prefer certain feeding habitats (e. g., open or closed). Twenty two fecal samples were randomly collected during 2008-2013, and heads and mesosomes were recovered. We identified 12 taxa of ants and only one taxon of termites. Observed taxa represent around 80% of the taxa expected to be eaten by anteaters. Camponotus was the most common ant genus, and Acromyrmex and Solenopsis were the numerically most abundant genera. The ant taxa ingested by M. tridactyla were reflective of their natural availablility in the area, suggesting that giant anteaters had no preference for any particular prey. They mainly consumed ant species of the genera Solenopsis, Camponotus and Acromyrmex with conspicuous nests that occur mostly in open habitats of the reserve and not in the most preferred habitat (forest). One possible explanation is thatanteaters reduce their foraging search time, and consequently the time they are out in open habitat, so avoiding predation risk and thermal injuries. Thus, conservation of both open and closed habitats would be essential formaintaining the reintroduced populations of giant anteaters.Fil: Jiménez, Nadia Lis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Fundación para el Estudio de Especies Invasivas; ArgentinaFil: Di Blanco, Yamil Edgardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina. Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico; ArgentinaFil: Calcaterra, Luis Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Fundación para el Estudio de Especies Invasivas; Argentin

Herbivory patterns and co-occurrence of leaf-cutting ants in afforestation and natural areas in the Lower Delta of the Paraná River, Argentina

Las hormigas cortadoras de hojas (HCH, géneros Atta y Acromyrmex) son una de las plagas forestales más importantes debido a los daños económicos que ocasionan tanto por defoliación como por los gastos que implica su control. La región del Bajo Delta del Río Paraná posee extensas plantaciones de sauces (Salix spp.) y álamos (Populus spp.), hábitat de dos especies simpátricas de HCH, Acromyrmex lundii y A. ambiguus. El objetivo fue estimar el daño y determinar los factores que influyen sobre la preferencia e intensidad de defoliación de estas HCH en forestaciones recién implantadas, así como estudiar factores bióticos y abióticos que puedan explicar la coexistencia de ambas especies de HCH en esta región. Se estudiaron sus patrones de actividad de forrajeo y cosecha en la Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Delta del Paraná- INTA (EEA INTA Delta). En las estaciones extremas presentaron comportamiento similar, forrajeando en invierno en las horas más cálidas y en verano por las noches; mientras que en primavera A. lundii acarreó el triple de material vegetal seco (30,1 gr) a lo largo del día. En otoño, A. lundii colectó material durante todo el día mientras que A. ambiguus sólo durante las horas más cálidas. Las temperaturas de inicio y cese de actividad de las obreras registradas en los senderos se compararon con los límites mínimos (TCmín) y máximos (TCmáx) de tolerancia térmica de las obreras de ambas especies en el laboratorio. El intervalo de tolerancia térmica de A. lundii fue mayor (3,2- 45,9 °C) y contuvo al de A. ambiguus (4,5- 45,0 °C). Las temperaturas mínimas en campo fueron mayores a la TCmín y las máximas fueron menores al TCmáx, es decir, las obreras forrajearon siempre dentro de sus límites térmicos. Por otra parte, ambas especies se recuperaron de manera similar luego de permanecer 1 y 3 horas a 0 °C. En laboratorio se analizó la preferencia de A. lundii y A. ambiguus hacia diferentes clones de sauce y álamo en relación a dos especies nativas de plantas (sauce criollo y ceibo), encontrando que los sauces fueron más seleccionados que los álamos y éstos, a su vez, que el ceibo. Con el fin de determinar estas preferencias a campo, se instaló una plantación con cuatro clones comerciales de sauce en la EEA- INTA Delta y se la siguió durante cinco años. Se observó que el daño en el follaje, producto del ataque de las HCH, afectó negativamente el crecimiento en altura y en diámetro y el volumen de madera producido de los clones, siendo mayor las pérdidas en dos de ellos (76- 93 % de pérdida en volumen de madera al quinto año). Los efectos del daño fueron más importantes durante los tres primeros años, para luego estabilizarse. Se estimó además el nivel de daño económico (11 nidos/ha) y el umbral de acción (3 nidos /ha) para A. lundii, en el primer año de una plantación de Salix nigra 4 en Entre Ríos. Ambos valores son importantes para el manejo y un requisito fundamental para obtener la certificación forestal (FSC). Por último, se determinó el impacto poblacional de acuerdo a las densidades de nidos por hectáreas en forestaciones, matrices de forestaciones y ambientes naturales. Acromyrmex lundii y A. ambiguus generaron un impacto anual de 83 y 26 kg/ha de material seco recolectado, respectivamente. Este trabajo aporta datos novedosos de la historia natural de dos especies simpátricas de HCH, e información relevante para su manejo y control en plantaciones forestales del Bajo Delta del Río Paraná, Argentina.Leaf-cutting ants (LCA, Atta and Acromyrmex genera) are one of the most important forestry pests due to the economic damages caused by defoliation as well as the costs caused by their control. The Lower Delta of the Paraná River region, habitat of two sympatric species of LCA, Acromyrmex lundii and A. ambiguus has extensive plantations of willows (Salix spp.) and poplars (Populus spp.). The objective was to estimate the damage and determine the factors that influence the preference and intensity of defoliation of these LCA in newly implanted forestations, as well as to study biotic and abiotic factors that may explain the co-existence of both LCA species in this region. The foraging and harvesting activity patterns of both LCA species were studied in the Agricultural Experimental Station Delta of Parana- INTA (EEA INTA Delta). During extreme seasons, they presented a similar behavior, foraging in winter in the warmest hours and in summer at night; while in spring A. lundii carried three times more dry plant material (30.1 gr) throughout the day. In autumn, A. lundii harvested throughout the day while A. ambiguus only during the warmest hours. The temperatures of initiation and cessation of activity in the field were compared with the minimum (CTmin) and maximum (CTmax) limits of thermal tolerance of the workers of both species measured at the laboratory. The thermal tolerance interval of A. lundii was higher (3.2- 45.9 °C) and contained that of A. ambiguus (4.5- 45.0 °C). Workers did not reach their thermal limits in the field: minimum temperatures were higher than the CTmin and maximum temperatures were lower that the CTmax. On the other hand, both species recovered similarly after remaining 1 and 3 hours at 0 °C. In the laboratory, the preference of A. lundii and A. ambiguus was analyzed for different clones of willow and poplar in relation with two native plant species (native willow and ceibo tree), finding that the willows were more selected than poplars and these more than the ceibo tree. In order to determine these preferences in the field, a plantation with four commercial clones of willow was established in the EEAINTA Delta and studied for five years. It was observed that leaf damage caused by the LCA attack negatively affected the growth in height and diameter and the volume of wood produced by the clones, with greater losses in two of them (76- 93 % loss in wood volume in the fifth year). The damage effects were more important during the first three years of implantation, and then it stabilized. The level of economic damage was estimated (11 nests/ha) and the action threshold (3 nests/ha) for A. lundii in the first year of a Salix nigra 4 plantation in Entre Ríos. Both values are important for management and a fundamental requirement to obtain a forestry certification (FSC). Finally, the population impact was determined according to the nests densities per hectare in afforestation, afforestation matrix and natural environments. Acromyrmex lundii and A. ambiguus generated an annual impact of 83 and 26 kg/ha of dry material collected, respectively. This work provides novel data on the natural history of two sympatric species of LCA, and relevant information for their management and control in forest plantations in the Lower Delta of the Paraná River, Argentina.Fil: Jiménez, Nadia Lis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Fundación para el Estudio de Especies Invasivas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución; Argentin

Long-term quantification of leaf-cutting ant damage in willow forestations in the lower delta of the Paraná River, Argentina

Leaf-cutting ants are major pests of Neotropics forest plantations. The lower delta of the Paraná River contains the main Argentine Salicaceae production, strongly attacked by Acromyrmex lundii and Acromyrmex ambiguus. Nevertheless, there is no damage quantification in willow plantations attributed to leaf-cutting ant species. In an area without leaf-cutting ant control, we installed 15 blocks with eight willow stakes each: four clones × two treatments; with and without leaf-cutting ant exclusion. We used two traditional (Americano, Nigra 4) and two new (Géminis, Yaguareté) commercial clones. During 2014–2018, we measured the damaged foliage, height and diameter of each tree. Foliage was damaged intensely during the first 2 years. After 1537 days, the loss in height and diameter was greater in Americano (70%), followed by Géminis (50%–60%), Yaguareté (40%–50%) and Nigra 4 (45%–40%). Stake survival with exclusion was greater (>80%) than stakes without exclusion (<50%). Total loss of wood volume was 93% for Americano, followed by Géminis (77%), Yaguareté (66%) and Nigra 4 (51%). Although the new clones were heavily attacked, they produced two to three times more wood volume than Americano; replacing Americano with the new clones would help to reduce leaf-cutting ants impact on plantations and pesticides released into the environment.Fil: Jiménez, Nadia Lis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Fundación para el Estudio de Especies Invasivas; ArgentinaFil: Farji Brener, Alejandro Gustavo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Calcaterra, Luis Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Fundación para el Estudio de Especies Invasivas; Argentin

Distribution and diversity of leaf-cutting ants in Northeastern Argentina: species most associated with forest plantations

Leaf-cutting ants (LCA) are considered one of the main herbivores and one of the most destructive pest insects of the Neotropics. Northeastern Argentina harbors the greatest species richness of these ants and in turn comprises the highest surface with forest plantations. Our aim was to establish which species of leaf-cutting ants are most commonly associated with forest plantations by analyzing their geographic distribution using published and unpublished species occurrence data. Also, estimate their potential areas of distribution along a latitudinal gradient that entirely encompasses northeastern Argentina using Ecological Niche Modeling. Only seven of the 20 species recorded were strongly associated with productive systems along the gradient, but only 2–3 species in each region could be considered high-risk species for forest plantations. High-risk species composition shows a turnover between regions. Our models show the potential distribution areas where LCA could become more abundant and dominant, and possibly causing a detrimental effect on the forest plantations in the studied region. We find that ecological niche models are useful tools to assess the environmental suitability of important LCA.Fil: Sánchez Restrepo, Andrés Fernando. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Fundación para el Estudio de Especies Invasivas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución. Grupo de Investigación en Filogeografía y Filogenias Moleculares; ArgentinaFil: Jiménez, Nadia Lis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Fundación para el Estudio de Especies Invasivas; ArgentinaFil: Confalonieri, Viviana Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución. Grupo de Investigación en Filogeografía y Filogenias Moleculares; ArgentinaFil: Calcaterra, Luis Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Fundación para el Estudio de Especies Invasivas; Argentin

Economic Injury Level and Economic Threshold as required by Forest Stewardship Council for management of leaf-cutting ants in forest plantations

The most commonly used method to control insect pests, such as leaf-cutting ants (LCA) in forest plantations, is the application of chemical insecticides, but their use was forbidden in plantations certified by the Forest Stewardship Council because of their negative effect on the environment. A 5-year derogation of their prohibition was obtained in 2016 in Argentina, on the condition that forestry companies reduce pesticide doses by 5% per year and inform the Economic Injury Level (EIL). The EIL and the Economic Threshold (ET) were estimated for the first time for the Acromyrmex genus in a Salicaceae forestation. As a model, we used the damage caused by the most detrimental LCA species of Argentina (Acromyrmex lundii) in the first, most critical year of a willow plantation (Salix nigra) in the lower basin of the Paraná River. The EIL (8–15 nest/ha) was useful to demonstrate the real magnitude of the damage caused by A. lundii, which justified the need for its control. The ET for profitable production (∼3 nests/ha) would not be operatively applicable in a long-term management program in our study site. This methodology could be extrapolated to other Neotropical forest plantations attacked by Acromyrmex species.Fil: Jiménez, Nadia Lis. Fundación para el Estudio de Especies Invasivas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Fosco, Ignacio. Arauco S.a.; ArgentinaFil: Nassar, Gustavo. Arauco S.a.; ArgentinaFil: Sánchez Restrepo, Andrés Fernando. Fundación para el Estudio de Especies Invasivas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Danna, Matías. Arauco S.a.; ArgentinaFil: Calcaterra, Luis Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Fundación para el Estudio de Especies Invasivas; Argentin

Ecología reproductiva do coipo (Myocastor coypus) no Delta Meio do Río Paraná (Entre Ríos. Argentina)

The objective of this study was to estimate and compare some important reproductive parameters of Myocastor coypus over time (June 2006-May 2008), in wetlands of the Middle Delta of the Paraná River (MD) Entre Ríos province, R. Argentina. Within the original coypu distribution range, the MD is among the areas of highest habitat suitability for the species. Coypus were captured and the following reproductive parameters were estimated on a monthly, seasonal and annual basis: pregnancy rate (PR), litter size (LS), gross productivity (GP) and annual production (AP). Statistical non-parametric tests were used for comparisons. Additionally, the expected birth date of each embryo and fetus was estimated by assigning it to a developmental stage category and considering the gestation period of the species. All the parameters showed high values and PR and LS differed significantly between the dry (2006) and humid years (2007). Two peaks of birth were detected, one in spring and another one in mid-autumn. The implications of these results for ensuring the sustainable management of this rodent are discussed.O objetivo deste trabalho é a descripção e comparação ao longo do tempo (junho 2006 – maio 2008), de diversos parámetros da ecologia reprodutiva de Myocastor coypus nas terras úmidas do Delta Meio do Río Paraná (DM), una das zonas de maior aptidão de hábitat para a espécie dentro da sua área de distribuição original. Com base em capturas de exemplares estimaram-se en forma mensal, sazonal y anual, a taxa de prenhez (TP); o tamanho da camada (TC), a produtividade bruta (PB) e a produção anual (PA) e foram realizadas as comparações correspondentes mediante provas estatísticas não paramétricas. Alem disso, com base no estádio de desenvolvimento dos fetos y embriões observados, levando em consideração a duração do período de gestação, estimou-se quais teriam sido as datas de nascimento mais prováveis. Observaram-se valores relativamente altos para todos os parámetros e diferenças significativas entre as TP y os TC de anos secos (2006) e anos úmidos (2007). Também foram detectados dois picos de parição, um em plena primavera e o outro a meados do outono. Discutem-se as implicâncias destes resultados para assegurar o manejo sustentável do coipo, o principal recurso de fauna silvestre argentina.Fil: Courtalon, Paula. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Bó, Roberto Fabián. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución; ArgentinaFil: Spina, F.. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución; ArgentinaFil: Jiménez, Nadia Lis. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Cantil, Liliana Fernanda. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Fernández, R.. Provincia de Entre Ríos. Dirección General de Recursos Naturales, Forestación y Economías Alternativas; ArgentinaFil: Porini, G.. Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable. Dirección de Fauna Silvestre; Argentin

The educational community and its knowledge and perceptions of native and invasive alien species

Environmental education seeks to foster an appreciation for nature and the impact of humans on it while introducing citizens to scientific thinking. Biological invasions affect different aspects of life on earth and mandate urgent management actions. Education and public awareness are strongly recommended for successful prevention and management of invasive alien species (IAS). This work presents a study on knowledge and perception of the educational community of Argentina about native species and IAS. We designed an on-line semi-structured questionnaire to examine perception of the environment, recognition of native species and IAS and awareness about biological invasions. Educators recognised an important number of biotic components, mostly represented by trees, birds and mammals. Recognition of native species and IAS, and awareness of biological invasions were different between NST (Natural Science Teachers) and non-NST. Respondents had different performances when they were exposed to recognising native species though written names or photographs. Out of 532 respondents, 56% knew what biological invasions are, 21% answered “Maybe” and 23% had never heard about them. We need to foster capacity-building and encourage a two-way communication between educators and scientists, formally and informally, to engage the participation of the whole society in recognition, prevention and management of IAS.Fil: Sosa, Alejandro Joaquín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Fundación para el Estudio de Especies Invasivas; ArgentinaFil: Jiménez, Nadia Lis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Fundación para el Estudio de Especies Invasivas; ArgentinaFil: Faltlhauser, Ana Claudia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Fundación para el Estudio de Especies Invasivas; ArgentinaFil: Righetti, Tomás. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Fundación para el Estudio de Especies Invasivas; ArgentinaFil: Mc Kay, Fernando. Fundación para el Estudio de Especies Invasivas; ArgentinaFil: Bruzzone, Octavio Augusto. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Patagonia Norte. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Carlos de Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche; ArgentinaFil: Stiers, Iris. Vrije Unviversiteit Brussel; BélgicaFil: Fernández Souto, Adriana Beatriz. Universidad Nacional de Hurlingham. Instituto de Educacion.; Argentin

The importance of long‐term post‐release studies in classical biological control: Insect–plant monitoring and public awareness of water hyacinth management ( Pontederia crassipes ) in Dique Los Sauces, Argentina

Several components of classical biological control (CBC) programmes are necessary to assess the success of the management strategy (e.g., post-release monitoring) and also help prevent reintroductions or resurgences of invasive species (e.g., public awareness). Water hyacinth, Pontederia (= Eichhornia) crassipes (Mart.) Solms (Pontederiaceae) is an aquatic plant naturally distributed in the north-eastern region of the Del Plata basin in Argentina. In the 1960s it was introduced into the Dique Los Sauces reservoir located outside of its native range in La Rioja Province, in western Argentina, where it became invasive. The natural enemy, Neochetina bruchi Hustache (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), was intentionally introduced in 1974 to control the weed. To assess the success of this CBC programme, a long-term post-release study was conducted. Between 1965 and 2023, we monitored plant coverage, estimated N. bruchi densities, and quantified the associated damage by reanalysing previously published data and incorporating new sampling. We also conducted an online survey to analyse public knowledge and perception about this programme. Water hyacinth coverage fluctuated from its first record in 1965 (maximum coverage 90%) until the control of germinated plants (coverage 0%) in 2018. The plant decline was accompanied by an increase in the weevil population. In our survey, out of 325 respondents only a small group of mostly middle-aged and elderly people knew that the restoration had been achieved through a management strategy and even fewer were aware of the biocontrol approach taken. Respondents who had a positive approach to biological control were more aware of the management plan than respondents who had neutral or negative opinions. Neochetina bruchi has played a key factor in the control of P. crassipes. The intrinsic dynamics of these populations, the dormant seed bank, and the lack of public awareness support the need for long post-release evaluations including outreach campaigns to make a sustainable successful management programme.Fil: Faltlhauser, Ana Claudia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Fundación para el Estudio de Especies Invasivas; ArgentinaFil: Jiménez, Nadia Lis. Fundación para el Estudio de Especies Invasivas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Righetti, Tomás. Fundación para el Estudio de Especies Invasivas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Visintin, Andrés Mario. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones Entomológicas de Córdoba; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas; ArgentinaFil: Torrens, Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Salinas, Nicolas Alejandro. Fundación para el Estudio de Especies Invasivas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Mc Kay, Fernando. Fundación para el Estudio de Especies Invasivas; ArgentinaFil: Hill, Martin. Rhodes University; SudáfricaFil: Cordo, Hugo A.. Fundación para el Estudio de Especies Invasivas; ArgentinaFil: Sosa, Alejandro Joaquín. Fundación para el Estudio de Especies Invasivas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin