Camel Trypanosomiasis and Its Current Status in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review

Camel is comparatively less susceptible to many of the devastating diseases that affect other livestock species, such as rinderpest, contagious pleuropneumonia and foot and mouth disease but yet they are affected by many other diseases. The most important disease of camel is trypanosomiasis, vector born protozoal disease caused by Trypanosoma evansi parasite whith wide distribution throughout tropical and subtropical regions of the world.the aim of this manuscript is to review on available articles on camel trypanosomiasis focusing on current status of it in Ethiopia. Camel trypanosomiasis causes progressive anaemia, depression, dullness, loss of condition and often rapid death. Serology is a preferable diagnostic technique while suramin, diminazene aceturate, melarsomine and quinapyramine are drugs of choice for treatment. But due to drug resistance of the agent control of vectors transmitting the parasite is more important. Preveously, trypanosomiasis caused T.evansi were only a disesse of animals but its reported that frist case of T.evansi is confirmed in human. Furthermore, T.evansi type B that so far only isolated from camel in Kenya is recently confirmed in Ethiopia. Beside, causing great economic losses T.evansi is recently emerging as zoonotic disease and unexpected new strains are being isolated from previosly free areas. Therefore, routine epidemiological and biochemical studies should be performed to design and implement appropriate intervention measures. Keywords: Camel trypanosomiasis, Trypanosoma evansi, Surra, Came

Blue Tongue in Sheep: A Systemic Review

Bluetongue is a non-contagious disease of domestic and wild ruminants caused by a virus within the Orbivirus genus of the family Reoviridae and transmitted by Culicoides biting midges. All ruminants are susceptible to infection with bluetongue, but clinical disease is most often manifested in sheep. In cattle an im­portant role in the epidemiology of BTV because of prolonged viraemia.In past the endemic area of Bluetongue virus are world-wide within tropical and subtropical climates from approximately 35° S to 40° N, in accordance with the extension area of Culicoides imicola, which major vector of the virus in the “Old World, however, bluetongue has recently spread far beyond this traditional range. Since 2006 BTV serotype 8 has also been reported from the countries in Northern and Western Europe where Culicoides imicola has not been found. In such cases, BTV is transmitted by Palearctic biting midges, such as C. obsoletus or C. dewulfi. The economic losses due to direct losses are death, abortions and production loss and indirect losses are export restrictions of live animals and animal product.Anew strategy for prevention and control of the disease was developed to limit direct losses and to reduce indirect losses are the use of mass vaccination of all domestic ruminant species to limit the spread of BTV and the use of intensive active surveillance to limit spread. This reviewpresents comprehensive information on this dangerous disease including its history, spread, economic impact, modes of transmission and species effect, as well as the causative agent and pathogenesis,clinical sign, pathological change and diagnosis of the disease.It also deals with relevant preventive and control measures to be implemented in areas with endemic bluetongue outbreaks. Keywords: Bluetongue, Culicoides, Orbivirus, Reovirida

Chemical Composition and Medicinal Values of Camel Milk

Out of 25.89 million camel populations on the world 89% are one-humped camels and the remaining 11% are the two-humped. More than 60% of the dromedary camel population is concentrated in the arid areas of North East African countries. Ethiopia ranks third by the number of camel population and second by camel milk production from the globeCamel milk, white gold of the desert is more similar to human milk. Camel milk differs from other ruminant milk as it chemical composition is low cholesterol, low sugar, high minerals, high vitamin C and higher protective proteins like lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase, immunoglobulins and lysozyme, lacks of β-lactoglobulin milk is unique in terms of antioxidative factors, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, anti-hepatitis, anti arthritis, treatment for paratuberculosis, preventies aging, remedy for autoimmune diseases and has cosmetic values. Insulin in camel milk is safe and efficacious in improving long-term glycemic control in diabetic patient. Camel milk reduces autism symptoms in children. Lactoferrin has ability to inhibit the proliferation of cancer cell. Camel milk is rich in magnesium and zinc thus endowed antiulcer properties.  Camel milk has high α-hydroxyl acids which are known to plump and smoothies the skin and also used to treat skin disorders such as dermatitis, Acne, Psoriasis and Eczema. Although camel milk has such values, it’s less appreciated thus its consumption is restricted to pastoral area so further studies should be conducted on the chemical composition and medicinal value of camel milk. Keywords: camel milk, chemical composition, medicinal valu

Bee Venom and Its Therapeutic Values: A Review

Apitherapy is the medicinal therapeutic use of honeybee products, consisting of honey, propolis, royal jelly, pollen, beeswax and, in particular, bee venom. The aims of this paper were to review bee venom and its therapeutic values. Bee venom therapy is the therapy which utilizes the application of bee venom to treat various diseases and it has been used since ancient times in traditional medicine. Bee venom is produced by  the venom gland located in the abdominal cavity and contains several biologically active peptides, including melittin (a major component of BV), apamin, adolapin, mast cell degranulating peptide, and enzymes (phospholipase A2, and hyaluronidase) as well as non-peptide components, such as histamine, dopamine, and norepinephrine. Bee venom has therapeutic values against variety of disease like Arthritis, nervous system diseases, heart and blood System abnormalities and for skin disease. Furthermore, Bee venom has been widely used in the treatment of some immune-related diseases, as well as in recent times in treatment of tumors. Several cancer cells, including renal, lung, liver, prostate, bladder, and mammary cancer cells as well as leukemia cells, can be targets of bee venom peptides such as melittin and phospholipase A2. In order to benefit from the promising role of bee venom therapy research should be extended to identify their specific component and target action. Keywords: Apitherapy, anticancer, bee venom, bee, melitti

REVIEW ON ONE HEALTH BENEFITS OF RECENTLY LAUNCHED ETHIOPIAN GREEN LEGACY

Ethiopia, a country known for its rich cultural heritage and diverse natural landscapes, has a long-standing tradition of environmental stewardship deeply rooted in its history. Recognizing the urgent need for conservation and sustainable practices in the face of modern challenges, the Ethiopian government launched the Green Legacy Initiative in 2019. The Ethiopian Green Legacy initiative holds great importance as a comprehensive reforestation and conservation program aimed at addressing environmental, human health, and socio-economic challenges. This article presents a review of the one health benefits associated with the Ethiopian Green Legacy initiative. By exploring the various dimensions of this initiative, including its environmental impact, influence on human health and well-being, biodiversity enhancement, economic opportunities, challenges, and future prospects, we aim to highlight the significance of this ambitious project in promoting sustainable development and improving the overall quality of life in Ethiopia.Ethiopia, a country known for its rich cultural heritage and diverse natural landscapes, has a long-standing tradition of environmental stewardship deeply rooted in its history. Recognizing the urgent need for conservation and sustainable practices in the face of modern challenges, the Ethiopian government launched the Green Legacy Initiative in 2019. The Ethiopian Green Legacy initiative holds great importance as a comprehensive reforestation and conservation program aimed at addressing environmental, human health, and socio-economic challenges. This article presents a review of the one health benefits associated with the Ethiopian Green Legacy initiative. By exploring the various dimensions of this initiative, including its environmental impact, influence on human health and well-being, biodiversity enhancement, economic opportunities, challenges, and future prospects, we aim to highlight the significance of this ambitious project in promoting sustainable development and improving the overall quality of life in Ethiopia.

ANALYSIS OF THE SKILLS GAP IN TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY IN KENYA

Most training institutions in Kenya have supply led training instead of demand-driven training thereby creating a supply of graduates whose knowledge and skills in not needed in the industry thereby creating a training gap between the educators and the industry. This paper aims to analyze the skills gap in the tourism and hospitality industry in Kenya. The objectives were to investigate the skills gap between tourism and hospitality graduates and industry expectations, examine the stakeholder's opinion on performance university graduates as compared to graduates from Technical and Vocational Education Training institutes and examine the emerging trends in human labour in tourism and hospitality that educators should anticipate. The sample size was 200 respondents composed of managers and supervisors from 2 stars to 5 stars rating hotels. Data was collected using questionnaires and interviews. It was found that the training institution applies supply-driven training instead of demand-driven thereby creating a  shortage of adequately trained and skilled staff suitable for the tourism job market. The study recommends the involvement of educators and industry practitioners in the training resource persons and enforcement of the National Qualification Framework to ensure standardized curriculum contents in training institutions

Poultry Production Status, Major Constraints, and Future Prospective

Abstract Poultry production is a sector of livestock production to gain meat, egg, and other products from domesticated bird species, including chickens, ostriches, turkeys, ducks, and guinea fowls. Poultry production is different from country to country due to different economic activities, environmental situations, and cultural aspects of society. With this in mind, the current study aimed to review the literature to explore the current status of poultry production, highlight the constraints in poultry production, and predict the future of poultry production. In many societies, poultry plays an important socio-cultural role. Diseases, market problems, feed resources, lack of proper housing, predators, as well as social and cultural constraints are all obstacles to the future growth of the poultry industry. Despite the presence of a large chicken population in Ethiopia, contribution to the national economy or benefit exploited is very limited due to diseases, predators, and veterinary services. The main diseases affecting the chickens in Ethiopia include viral disease (Newcastle disease), gastrointestinal parasites, ectoparasites, aspergillosis, and different bacterial infections due to lack of biosecurity. In addition, chicken predators affecting poultry production in Ethiopia are wild mammals locally called ama, cats, and birds (vultures). However, the poultry production system has a bright future since different local and international humanitarian organizations have recognized that addressing this sector will benefit the poorest and most disadvantaged people in developing nations. With the need to increase animal protein sources in the world, there is general agreement that these areas are going to witness further expansion in the current decades. Therefore, it is recommended to increase productivity through improvements in health, management, and control of predators. https://jwps.rovedar.com/index.php/JWPS/article/view/

Training of employees in the tourism and hospitality industry through a refresher courses model.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of employee’s demography on demand for refresher course training and employees ‘post- training expectations. The study hypothesized that employees age, gender, marital status, education, terms of employment, and work experience influence their decision on whether to participate in refresher training or not, and also the employees post- training expectations. The study design was exploratory and triangulated both qualitative and quantitative research methods. A total of a total of 500 questionnaires were distributed from which 414 were completed and returned, giving a response rate of 83%. A cluster sampling method was used. The target population was employees working in three, four and five star hotels located in five towns in Kenya. The study noted that there was positive correlation between the respondents’marital status (rs = 3.00, N (385), p < 0.007), levels of education (rs=0.098, N (414), p=0.046), and work experience (χ 2= 23.285, df=8, p<0.003) and their expectations upon completion of refresher courses. These expectations include enhanced productivity, greater economic and financial reward, and reduction in fear of being retrenched during the low seasons.The study concludes that training institutions should consider employees’ demographic attributes as they develop any refresher course training and recommends continuous training for the industry to meet the growing demand based on tourism increases

Association between knowledge of Human Immunodeficiency Virus transmission and consistent condom use among sexually active men in Nigeria: An analysis of 2018 Nigeria Demographic Health Survey

An estimated 1.7 million people were living with HIV in Nigeria in 2020, with over 86,000 people newly infected. Although the global rates of HIV have remained consistent over time, Nigeria has the second-highest number of people living with HIV and contributes to 9% of the global burden of HIV/AIDS. This is due to several structural and individual-level factors that limit knowledge of HIV and condom utilization. In this context, this study examines the association between knowledge about HIV transmission and consistent condom use among sexually active men in Nigeria. The data utilised in this study was sourced from the latest Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey conducted in 2018. The sample included a total of 9,346 men between the ages of 15–59 years who were sexually active at the time of data collection. Frequency distribution, univariate and multivariable analyses were performed at 95% confidence interval and p-value less than 0.05 to determine the association between the key independent variables and covariates. The results showed that 85.03% of sexually active men who had no knowledge of HIV engaged in inconsistent condom use. The key independent variable showed that sexually active men who had knowledge of HIV had higher odds [AOR = 1.37; 95%(CI = 1.10–1.72)] of consistent condom use compared to those without knowledge of HIV. However, sexually active men who were previously married [AOR = 0.38; 95%(CI = 0.24–0.61)], and those residing in the South Eastern region of Nigeria [AOR = 0.62; 95%(CI = 0.44–0.96)] had lower odds of consistent condom use. This study established the association between HIV knowledge and consistent condom use among sexually active males in Nigeria even after controlling for confounders. Educational level, wealth index, and ethnicity are also associated with condom use. This calls for the consideration of social determinants of health, localised and cultural health promotion and targeted public health strategies at all governmental levels to combat the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Nigeria

Feasibility, acceptability, effect, and cost of integrating counseling and testing for HIV within family planning services in Kenya

FRONTIERS supported the Division of Reproductive Health and the National AIDS and STI Control Program of the Kenya Ministry of Health to design, implement, and compare two models of integrating counseling and testing (CT) for HIV within family planning (FP) services in terms of their feasibility, acceptability, cost, and effect on the voluntary use of CT, as well as the quality of FP services. The study demonstrated that both models were feasible and acceptable to providers and to clients as means of integrating and linking HIV prevention counseling, condom promotion, and counseling and testing with FP services, and are effective in increasing quality of care and service utilization. Drawing from the lessons learned, the report outlines a number of key programmatic recommendations for institutionalizing and scaling up this approach. Lessons from this study were presented at several national and international workshops and conferences