Tindak Tutur Direktif Dalam Novel Pukat Karya Tere-liye

This article was written based on (a) to describe the type of directive speech acts, (b) the strategy told the directive speech act, (c) the context of the use of directive speech acts, and (d) the effect of the use of linguistic politeness strategies recalled toin the novelPukat created by Tere-Liye.The data of this study is the speech acts of the figures contained in the novel Pukat created by Tere-Liye.The data source of this research is the novelPukat created by Tere-Liye.Data collected by reading and noting directive speech acts contained therein. Data were analyzed with the following steps: (1) identify the data and classifies data based on type, recalled strategy, context, and tells of the effects of linguistic politeness strategies in the directive speech act, (2) connecting the data with the data of the other, (3 ) conducted a study of data inference.The findings of this study are as follows. First, there are 5 types of directive speech acts, that is telling, asking, advising, challenging, and suggest. Second, there are 3 strategies recalled, that tells directly without further ado, instantly recalled with niceties positive politeness, recalled instantly with niceties negative politeness. Third, the strategy of direct recalled without further ado tends to be used in the context of the directive speech act hearer smaller, intimate, and speech do both. Fourth, the use of recalled strategy directly without further ado hearer in the context of smaller, intimate, and the speech made ​​two decent effect

The Efficacy and Safety of Current Treatments in Diabetic Macular Edema: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis

<div><p>Purpose</p><p>To compare the efficacy and safety of current treatments in diabetic macular edema (DME).</p><p>Methods</p><p>PubMed, Embase and CENTRAL were systematically reviewed for randomized controlled trials of current treatments in DME through August 2015. Data on the mean change of best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central macular thickness (CMT) were extracted, and adverse events (AEs) were collected.</p><p>Results</p><p>A total of 21 trials were included in our network meta-analysis. Intravitreal ranibizumab improved BCVA most significantly (OR: +7.01 95%CI (2.56 to 11.39)) in 6 months and intravitreal aflibercept (+8.19 (5.07 to 11.96)) in 12 months. Intravitreal triamcinolone combined with LASER decreased CMT most significantly (-111.34 (-254.61 to 37.93)) in 6 months and intravitreal aflibercept (-110.83 (-190.25 to -35.27)) in 12 months. Compared with the relatively high rate of ocular AEs in the groups with administration of steroids, systematic AEs occurred more frequently in the groups with vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors involved.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Our analysis confirms that intravitreal aflibercept is most favorable with both BCVA improvement and CMT decrease than other current therapies in the management of DME within 12 months. Vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors for DME should be used with caution due to systematic AEs. Combined intravitreal triamcinolone with LASER has a stronger efficacy in decreasing CMT than the other interventions in the early stage after injection. More high-quality randomized controlled trials will be necessary.</p></div

Flow chart indicating the selection process for this network meta-analysis.

<p>Flow chart indicating the selection process for this network meta-analysis.</p

Risk of bias summary.

<p>Risk of bias summary.</p

Risk of bias graph.

<p>Risk of bias graph.</p

Network meta-analysis results in BCVA (upper part) and CMT (lower part) at 6 months.

<p>Network meta-analysis results in BCVA (upper part) and CMT (lower part) at 6 months.</p

Study characteristics of trials included in the network meta-analysis.

<p>Study characteristics of trials included in the network meta-analysis.</p

Network of eligible comparisons for the meta-analysis.

<p>Network of eligible comparisons for the meta-analysis.</p

Network meta-analysis results in BCVA (upper part) and CMT (lower part) at 12 months.

<p>Network meta-analysis results in BCVA (upper part) and CMT (lower part) at 12 months.</p

Forest plots for BCVA and CMT in 12 months.

<p>Abbreviations: 1, IVA; 2, IVB; 3, IVR; 4, IVR+LASER; 5, LASER; 6, DDSI; 7, IVB+IVT; 8, DDSI+LASER; 9, IVB+LASER; 10, IVT+LASER; 11, Placebo.</p