Additional file 1: Table S1. of Characterization of Anaplasma ovis strains using the major surface protein 1a repeat sequences

Partial msp1a amino-acid sequences containing repeat sequences of A. ovis strains analyzed in this study. (DOCX 31 kb

Additional file 1: of Genetic characterization and molecular survey of Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina and Babesia ovata in cattle, dairy cattle and yaks in China

a. Alignment of partial nucleotide sequences of rap-1a gene from different Chinese isolates. FJ2: B. bovis rap-1a isolate Fujian 2; GS: B. bovis rap-1a isolate Guansu; FJ1: B. bovis rap-1a isolate Fujian 1;GX: B. bovis rap-1a isolate Guangxi; HAN: B. bovis rap-1a isolate Hainan; YN1: B. bovis rap-1a isolate Yunnan 1; YN2: B. bovis rap-1a isolate Yunnan 2; CQ: B. bovis rap-1a isolate Chongqing; HEN2: B. bovis rap-1a isolate Henan 2; HEN 1: B. bovis rap-1a isolate Henan 1; HEN3: B. bovis rap-1a isolate Henan3. Nucleotide substitutions indicated with yellow background. Among these substitutions, nucleotide substitutions affected amino acid modifications indicated with red background. b. Alignment of partial amino acid sequences of rap-1a gene from different Chinese isolates. FJ2: B. bovis RAP-1a isolate Fujian 2; GS: B. bovis RAP-1a isolate Guansu; GX: B. bovis RAP-1a isolate Guangxi; CQ: B. bovis RAP-1a isolate Chongqing; HAN: B. bovis RAP-1a isolate Hainan; YN1: B. bovis RAP-1a isolate Yunnan 1; FJ1: B. bovis RAP-1a isolate Fujian 1; YN2: B. bovis RAP-1a isolate Yunnan 2; HEN2: B. bovis RAP-1a isolate Henan 2; HEN 1: B. bovis RAP-1a isolate Henan 1; HEN3: B. bovis RAP-1a isolate Henan3. Repeats in RAP-1a gene from different isolates are underlined. (DOC 1086 kb

Additional file 2 of Theileria annulata SVSP455 interacts with host HSP60

Additional file 2: Table S2. The siRNA sequences targeting bovine HSP60

Additional file 1: of Genomic resources for a unique, low-virulence Babesia taxon from China

KEGG pathways for Babesia sp. Xinjiang. (XLSX 38 kb

Table_1.DOCX

<p>Theileria annulata, a tick-borne apicomplexan protozoan, causes a lymphoproliferative disease of cattle with high prevalence in tropical and sub-tropical regions. Understanding the genetic diversity and structure of local populations will provide more fundamental knowledge for the population genetics and epidemics of protozoa. In this study, 78 samples of T. annulata collected from cattle/yaks representing 6 different geographic populations in China were genotyped using eight micro- and mini-satellite markers. High genetic variation within population, moderate genetic differentiation, and high level of diversity co-occurring with significant linkage disequilibrium were observed, which indicates there is gene flow between these populations in spite of the existence of reproductive and geographical barriers among populations. Furthermore, some degree of genetic differentiation was also found between samples from China and Oman. These findings provide a first glimpse of the genetic diversity of the T. annulata populations in China, and might contribute to the knowledge of distribution, dynamics, and epidemiology of T. annulata populations and optimize the management strategies for control.</p

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<p>Theileria annulata, a tick-borne apicomplexan protozoan, causes a lymphoproliferative disease of cattle with high prevalence in tropical and sub-tropical regions. Understanding the genetic diversity and structure of local populations will provide more fundamental knowledge for the population genetics and epidemics of protozoa. In this study, 78 samples of T. annulata collected from cattle/yaks representing 6 different geographic populations in China were genotyped using eight micro- and mini-satellite markers. High genetic variation within population, moderate genetic differentiation, and high level of diversity co-occurring with significant linkage disequilibrium were observed, which indicates there is gene flow between these populations in spite of the existence of reproductive and geographical barriers among populations. Furthermore, some degree of genetic differentiation was also found between samples from China and Oman. These findings provide a first glimpse of the genetic diversity of the T. annulata populations in China, and might contribute to the knowledge of distribution, dynamics, and epidemiology of T. annulata populations and optimize the management strategies for control.</p

Additional file 1: Table S1. of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in sheep and goats in central and southeastern China

GroEL gene sequences of A. phagocytophilum isolates analysed in this study. (XLSX 19 kb

Additional file 1: Table S1. of Evaluation of different nested PCRs for detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in ruminants and ticks

Nucleotide sequence accession numbers of A. phagocytophilum, A. centrale, A. ovis, A. marginale, A. bovis, Anaplasma sp. and R. rickettsii isolates analyzed in this study. (DOCX 35 kb

Foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid protein VP2 activates the cellular EIF2S1-ATF4 pathway and induces autophagy via HSPB1

<p>Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) can result in economical destruction of cloven-hoofed animals. FMDV infection has been reported to induce macroautophagy/autophagy; however, the precise molecular mechanisms of autophagy induction and effect of FMDV capsid protein on autophagy remain unknown. In the present study, we report that FMDV infection induced a complete autophagy process in the natural host cells of FMDV, and inhibition of autophagy significantly decreased FMDV production, suggesting that FMDV-induced autophagy facilitates viral replication. We found that the EIF2S1-ATF4 pathway was activated and the AKT-MTOR signaling pathway was inhibited by FMDV infection. We also observed that ultraviolet (UV)-inactivated FMDV can induce autophagy. Importantly, our work provides the first piece of evidence that expression of FMDV capsid protein VP2 can induce autophagy through the EIF2S1-ATF4-AKT-MTOR cascade, and we found that VP2 interacted with HSPB1 (heat shock protein family B [small] member 1) and activated the EIF2S1-ATF4 pathway, resulting in autophagy and enhanced FMDV replication. In addition, we show that VP2 induced autophagy in a variety of mammalian cell lines and decreased aggregates of a model mutant HTT (huntingtin) polyglutamine expansion protein (HTT103Q). Overall, our results demonstrate that FMDV capsid protein VP2 induces autophagy through interaction with HSPB1 and activation of the EIF2S1-ATF4 pathway.</p