Nutrition support of preterm infants in intensive care unit

Mestrado em Nutrição ClínicaIntrodução: Os recém-nascidos prematuros são uma população propensa a deficiências nutricionais e ingestão insuficiente de energia. Quando a energia e os nutrientes não são suficientes, podem sofrer restrições de crescimento entre outras complicações. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se RN prematuros internados em unidades de cuidados intensivos alcançaram as recomendações nutricionais pré-natais através da análise do ganho ponderal, ingestão de energia, proteína e aporte hídrico. Avaliamos igualmente se a adequação da ingestão de energia, proteína e fluidos foi suficiente para atingir as metas nutricionais. Métodos: Os dados foram recolhidos no Hospital Dona Estefânia no período de fevereiro de 2006 a outubro de 2008 em cinquenta e um prematuros com internamento> 4 semanas. Foi registado o sexo, a idade cronológica e o número de semanas de gestação, bem como dados do peso, e de ingestão de energia, proteína e fluidos. De acordo com as curvas de crescimento de Fenton foi analisado a adequação do ganho de peso semanal. A adequação da ingestão nutricional em energia, proteínas e fluídos foi determinada de acordo com as recomendações do European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) Committee on Nutrition. Utilizou-se o IBM SPSS Statistics para avaliar as correlações entre clínicas diferentes variáveis. Resultados: Encontraram-se deficiências de ingestão de energia, proteína e fluidos. Esta deficiências diminuíram com o tempo, verificando-se maior deficit nas primeiras semanas. Após a primeira semana, apenas um (1,96%) prematuro atingiu a meta de ganho de peso; na segunda semana e terceira semanas, 6 (11,76%) dos pretermos cumpriam as recomendações de ganho ponderal. Quanto maior (classificação de percentil de peso superior) e mais idade apresentava o prematuro, maior ganho ponderal apresentou. Verificaram-se correlações positivas entre o ganho de peso e a ingestão de energia, proteína e líquidos. Conclusão: É essencial garantir que os recém-nascidos prematuros ingiram nutrientes suficientes para atender às metas nutricionais garantindo a progessão ponderal adequada. Maior atenção ao cumprimento das necessidades deve ser dada ao recém-nascidos com menor tempo de gestação e mais baixo peso.ABSTRACT - Introduction: Preterm infants are prone to nutrient deficiencies and insufficient energy intake. When energy and nutrients are not enough, they will have growth restrictions and other complications. The purpose of this study is to evaluate if the preterm infants in preterm intensive care units achieved nutritional recommendations in energy, protein, and fluid intake and to evaluate if they achieved weight gain according to recommendations. We also evaluated the relationship between energy, protein, and fluid intake with nutritional goal achievement (weight gain). Methods: Data was collected from Hospital Dona Estefânia from February 2006 to October 2008 for fifty-one preterm infants who stayed in the hospital for at least four weeks. Their weight, energy, protein, and fluid intake were collected and evaluated according to Fenton growth charts and guidelines from the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) Committee on Nutrition. We used IBM SPSS Statistics to evaluate the correlations between clinical nutrition indexes. Results: Among the preterm infants we found deficiencies in energy, protein, and fluids intake; the percentage of deficiencies in those nutritional intakes dropped over time. After the first week, only one (1.96 %) infant achieved the goal of recommended weight gain. In the second and third weeks, six (11.76%) preterm infants gained weight as recommended. The bigger (higher weight percentile classification) and more mature infants were more likely to achieve weight gain. Positive correlations were observed between weight gain and the intake of energy/ protein/ fluids. Conclusion: It is essential for preterm infants to assure enough intake of energy, protein, and fluids to meet the standard clinical nutritional goals such as weight gain. More attention should be paid to assure adequate intake for the smaller and the more immature infants.N/

Nutrition support of preterm infants in intensive care unit

Tese de mestrado, Nutrição Clínica, 2021, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de LisboaIntrodução: Os recém-nascidos prematuros são uma população propensa a deficiências nutricionais e ingestão insuficiente de energia. Quando a energia e os nutrientes não são suficientes, podem sofrer restrições de crescimento entre outras complicações. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se RN prematuros internados em unidades de cuidados intensivos alcançaram as recomendações nutricionais pré-natais através da análise do ganho ponderal, ingestão de energia, proteína e aporte hídrico. Avaliamos igualmente se a adequação da ingestão de energia, proteína e fluidos foi suficiente para atingir as metas nutricionais. Métodos: Os dados foram recolhidos no Hospital Dona Estefânia no período de fevereiro de 2006 a outubro de 2008 em cinquenta e um prematuros com internamento> 4 semanas. Foi registado o sexo, a idade cronológica e o número de semanas de gestação, bem como dados do peso, e de ingestão de energia, proteína e fluidos. De acordo com as curvas de crescimento de Fenton foi analisado a adequação do ganho de peso semanal. A adequação da ingestão nutricional em energia, proteínas e fluídos foi determinada de acordo com as recomendações do European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) Committee on Nutrition. Utilizou-se o IBM SPSS Statistics para avaliar as correlações entre clínicas diferentes variáveis. Resultados: Encontraram-se deficiências de ingestão de energia, proteína e fluidos. Esta deficiências diminuíram com o tempo, verificando-se maior deficit nas primeiras semanas. Após a primeira semana, apenas um (1,96%) prematuro atingiu a meta de ganho de peso; na segunda semana e terceira semanas, 6 (11,76%) dos pretermos cumpriam as recomendações de ganho ponderal. Quanto maior (classificação de percentil de peso superior) e mais idade apresentava o prematuro, maior ganho ponderal apresentou. Verificaram-se correlações positivas entre o ganho de peso e a ingestão de energia, proteína e líquidos. Conclusão: É essencial garantir que os recém-nascidos prematuros ingiram nutrientes suficientes para atender às metas nutricionais garantindo a progessão ponderal adequada. Maior atenção ao cumprimento das necessidades deve ser dada ao recém-nascidos com menor tempo de gestação e mais baixo peso.Introduction: Preterm infants are prone to nutrient deficiencies and insufficient energy intake. When energy and nutrients are not enough, they will have growth restrictions and other complications. The purpose of this study is to evaluate if the preterm infants in preterm intensive care units achieved nutritional recommendations in energy, protein and fluids intake and to evaluate if they achieved the weight gain according to recommendations. We also evaluated the relations of energy, protein and fluids intake with nutritional goals achievement (weight gain). Methods: Data was collected from Hospital Dona Estefânia during February 2006 to October 2008 for fifty one preterm infants who stayed in hospital for at least four weeks. Their weight, energy, protein and fluids intake were collected and evaluated according to Fenton growth charts and guidelines from the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) Committee on Nutrition. We used IBM SPSS Statistics to evaluate the correlations between clinical nutrition indexes. Results: Among the preterm infants we found deficiencies on energy, protein and fluids intake; the percentage of deficiencies of those nutritional intakes dropped by time. After the first week, only one (1.96 %) infant achieved the goal of recommended weight gain. On the second and third weeks, six (11.76%) preterm infants gained weight as recommendation. The bigger (higher weight percentile classification) and more mature infants were more likely to achieve weight gain. Positive correlations were observed between weight gain and the intake of energy/ protein/ fluids. Conclusion: It is essential for preterm infants to assure enough intake in energy, protein and fluids to meet the standard clinical nutritional goals such as weight gain. More attentions should be paid to assure adequate intake for the smaller and the more immature infants

High-speed in vitro intensity diffraction tomography

We demonstrate a label-free, scan-free intensity diffraction tomography technique utilizing annular illumination (aIDT) to rapidly characterize large-volume three-dimensional (3-D) refractive index distributions in vitro. By optimally matching the illumination geometry to the microscope pupil, our technique reduces the data requirement by 60 times to achieve high-speed 10-Hz volume rates. Using eight intensity images, we recover volumes of ∼350 μm  ×  100 μm  ×  20  μm, with near diffraction-limited lateral resolution of   ∼  487  nm and axial resolution of   ∼  3.4  μm. The attained large volume rate and high-resolution enable 3-D quantitative phase imaging of complex living biological samples across multiple length scales. We demonstrate aIDT’s capabilities on unicellular diatom microalgae, epithelial buccal cell clusters with native bacteria, and live Caenorhabditis elegans specimens. Within these samples, we recover macroscale cellular structures, subcellular organelles, and dynamic micro-organism tissues with minimal motion artifacts. Quantifying such features has significant utility in oncology, immunology, and cellular pathophysiology, where these morphological features are evaluated for changes in the presence of disease, parasites, and new drug treatments. Finally, we simulate the aIDT system to highlight the accuracy and sensitivity of the proposed technique. aIDT shows promise as a powerful high-speed, label-free computational microscopy approach for applications where natural imaging is required to evaluate environmental effects on a sample in real time.https://arxiv.org/abs/1904.06004Accepted manuscrip

High-resolution transport-of-intensity quantitative phase microscopy with annular illumination

For quantitative phase imaging (QPI) based on transport-of-intensity equation (TIE), partially coherent illumination provides speckle-free imaging, compatibility with brightfield microscopy, and transverse resolution beyond coherent diffraction limit. Unfortunately, in a conventional microscope with circular illumination aperture, partial coherence tends to diminish the phase contrast, exacerbating the inherent noise-to-resolution tradeoff in TIE imaging, resulting in strong low-frequency artifacts and compromised imaging resolution. Here, we demonstrate how these issues can be effectively addressed by replacing the conventional circular illumination aperture with an annular one. The matched annular illumination not only strongly boosts the phase contrast for low spatial frequencies, but significantly improves the practical imaging resolution to near the incoherent diffraction limit. By incorporating high-numerical aperture (NA) illumination as well as high-NA objective, it is shown, for the first time, that TIE phase imaging can achieve a transverse resolution up to 208 nm, corresponding to an effective NA of 2.66. Time-lapse imaging of in vitro Hela cells revealing cellular morphology and subcellular dynamics during cells mitosis and apoptosis is exemplified. Given its capability for high-resolution QPI as well as the compatibility with widely available brightfield microscopy hardware, the proposed approach is expected to be adopted by the wider biology and medicine community.Comment: This manuscript was originally submitted on 20 Feb. 201

Correlation-driven eightfold magnetic anisotropy in a two-dimensional oxide monolayer.

Engineering magnetic anisotropy in two-dimensional systems has enormous scientific and technological implications. The uniaxial anisotropy universally exhibited by two-dimensional magnets has only two stable spin directions, demanding 180° spin switching between states. We demonstrate a previously unobserved eightfold anisotropy in magnetic SrRuO3 monolayers by inducing a spin reorientation in (SrRuO3)1/(SrTiO3) N superlattices, in which the magnetic easy axis of Ru spins is transformed from uniaxial 〈001〉 direction (N < 3) to eightfold 〈111〉 directions (N ≥ 3). This eightfold anisotropy enables 71° and 109° spin switching in SrRuO3 monolayers, analogous to 71° and 109° polarization switching in ferroelectric BiFeO3. First-principle calculations reveal that increasing the SrTiO3 layer thickness induces an emergent correlation-driven orbital ordering, tuning spin-orbit interactions and reorienting the SrRuO3 monolayer easy axis. Our work demonstrates that correlation effects can be exploited to substantially change spin-orbit interactions, stabilizing unprecedented properties in two-dimensional magnets and opening rich opportunities for low-power, multistate device applications

Resolution-enhanced intensity diffraction tomography in high numerical aperture label-free microscopy

We propose label-free and motion-free resolution-enhanced intensity diffraction tomography (reIDT) recovering the 3D complex refractive index distribution of an object. By combining an annular illumination strategy with a high numerical aperture (NA) condenser, we achieve near-diffraction-limited lateral resolution of 346 nm and axial resolution of 1.2  μm over 130 μm×130 μm×8 μm volume. Our annular pattern matches the system’s maximum NA to reduce the data requirement to 48 intensity frames. The reIDT system is directly built on a standard commercial microscope with a simple LED array source and condenser lens adds-on, and promises broad applications for natural biological imaging with minimal hardware modifications. To test the capabilities of our technique, we present the 3D complex refractive index reconstructions on an absorptive USAF resolution target and Henrietta Lacks (HeLa) and HT29 human cancer cells. Our work provides an important step in intensity-based diffraction tomography toward high-resolution imaging applications.https://www.osapublishing.org/prj/fulltext.cfm?uri=prj-8-12-1818&id=442609Published versio