TELEX HEBDOMADAIRE NR 95 DU 17.09.82 DESTINE A L'ENSEMBLE DES DELEGATIONS EXTERIEURES ET BUREAUX DE PRESS ET D'INFORMATION INDEPENDANTS DANS LES PAYS TIERS = WEEKLY MEMO NO. 95 FOR 17.09.82 TO FOREIGN DELEGATIONS AND PRESS BUREAUS OF THIRD COUNTRIES

<p>High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) results of (A) commercial surfactin sample, and (B) our extract surfactin of <i>B</i>. <i>subtilis</i> HH2 in LB medium. There were three main peaks (Peak A-C) of the extract and the surfactin standard in the same location.</p

Phylogenetic relationships among macaques based on <i>Alu</i> elements.

<p>(A) PCR amplification analysis of <i>Alu</i> insertion polymorphisms in <i>Macaca</i>. The locus <i>Alu</i> 10 is an <i>Alu</i> insertion specific to the <i>sinica</i> group. The locus <i>Alu</i> 27 is an <i>Alu</i> insertion shared by the <i>sinica</i> and the <i>arctoides</i> groups. The locus yb1-mb-53 is an <i>Alu</i> insertion shared by the <i>fascicularis</i> and the <i>mulatta</i> groups. The locus MS-b1-174 is an <i>Alu</i> insertion clustering the <i>sinica/arctoides</i> and the <i>fascicularis/mulatta</i> lineages. (B) Macaque phylogenetic tree derived from 84 <i>Alu</i> insertion loci polymorphisms. The amplification patterns of the <i>Alu</i> insertions were used to construct a Dollo parsimony tree of macaque phylogenetic relationships using <i>P</i>. <i>hamadryas</i> as outgroup in PAUP*4.0b10. The numbers above the branches indicate the percentage of bootstrap replicates (1000 iterations) producing trees including that node. The numbers below the branches indicate the number of unambiguous insertions supporting each node.</p

Divergence date estimations based on the nuclear genes and mitochondrial genome.

<p>Divergence date estimations based on the nuclear genes and mitochondrial genome.</p

Molecular phylogenetic tree derived from nuclear data using Bayesian, MP and ML analysis.

<p>The numbers are Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPP) and bootstrap support (BSP). The A-G besides the nodes refers to divergence times shown as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0154665#pone.0154665.t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>.</p

Distribution maps of <i>M</i>. <i>mulatta</i> and <i>M</i>. <i>arctoides</i>.

<p>A refers to <i>M</i>. <i>mulatta</i>, and B represents <i>M</i>. <i>arctoides</i>. Distribution contours of individual species are according to Corbet and Hill [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0154665#pone.0154665.ref074" target="_blank">74</a>].</p

Characterization of nuclear loci and mitochondrial genome for phylogenetic analyses.

<p>Characterization of nuclear loci and mitochondrial genome for phylogenetic analyses.</p

Molecular phylogenetic tree obtained from mitochondrial genome using Bayesian, MP and ML analysis.

<p>The numbers are Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPP) and bootstrap support (BSP). The A-G besides the nodes refers to divergence age shown as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0154665#pone.0154665.t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>.</p

Image_4_Microbial Biogeography Along the Gastrointestinal Tract of a Red Panda.TIF

<p>The red panda (Ailurus fulgens) is a herbivorous carnivore that is protected worldwide. The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microbial community has widely acknowledged its vital role in host health, especially in diet digestion; However, no study to date has revealed the GIT microbiota in the red panda. Here, we characterized the microbial biogeographical characteristics in the GIT of a red panda using high-throughput sequencing technology. Significant differences were observed among GIT segments by beta diversity of microbiota, which were divided into four distinct groups: the stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and feces. The stomach and duodenum showed less bacterial diversity, but contained higher bacterial abundance and the most unclassified tags. The number of species in the stomach and small intestine samples was higher than that of the large intestine and fecal samples. A total of 133 core operational taxonomic units were obtained from the GIT samples with 97% sequence identity. Proteobacteria (52.16%), Firmicutes (10.09%), and Bacteroidetes (7.90%) were the predominant phyla in the GIT of the red panda. Interestingly, Escherichia–Shigella were largely abundant in the stomach, small intestine, and feces whereas the abundance of Bacteroides in the large intestine was high. Overall, our study provides a deeper understanding of the gut biogeography of the red panda microbial population. Future research will be important to investigate the microbial culture, metagenomics and metabolism of red panda GIT, especially in Escherichia–Shigella.</p

Image_5_Microbial Biogeography Along the Gastrointestinal Tract of a Red Panda.TIF

<p>The red panda (Ailurus fulgens) is a herbivorous carnivore that is protected worldwide. The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microbial community has widely acknowledged its vital role in host health, especially in diet digestion; However, no study to date has revealed the GIT microbiota in the red panda. Here, we characterized the microbial biogeographical characteristics in the GIT of a red panda using high-throughput sequencing technology. Significant differences were observed among GIT segments by beta diversity of microbiota, which were divided into four distinct groups: the stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and feces. The stomach and duodenum showed less bacterial diversity, but contained higher bacterial abundance and the most unclassified tags. The number of species in the stomach and small intestine samples was higher than that of the large intestine and fecal samples. A total of 133 core operational taxonomic units were obtained from the GIT samples with 97% sequence identity. Proteobacteria (52.16%), Firmicutes (10.09%), and Bacteroidetes (7.90%) were the predominant phyla in the GIT of the red panda. Interestingly, Escherichia–Shigella were largely abundant in the stomach, small intestine, and feces whereas the abundance of Bacteroides in the large intestine was high. Overall, our study provides a deeper understanding of the gut biogeography of the red panda microbial population. Future research will be important to investigate the microbial culture, metagenomics and metabolism of red panda GIT, especially in Escherichia–Shigella.</p

Table_2_Microbial Biogeography Along the Gastrointestinal Tract of a Red Panda.DOC

<p>The red panda (Ailurus fulgens) is a herbivorous carnivore that is protected worldwide. The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microbial community has widely acknowledged its vital role in host health, especially in diet digestion; However, no study to date has revealed the GIT microbiota in the red panda. Here, we characterized the microbial biogeographical characteristics in the GIT of a red panda using high-throughput sequencing technology. Significant differences were observed among GIT segments by beta diversity of microbiota, which were divided into four distinct groups: the stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and feces. The stomach and duodenum showed less bacterial diversity, but contained higher bacterial abundance and the most unclassified tags. The number of species in the stomach and small intestine samples was higher than that of the large intestine and fecal samples. A total of 133 core operational taxonomic units were obtained from the GIT samples with 97% sequence identity. Proteobacteria (52.16%), Firmicutes (10.09%), and Bacteroidetes (7.90%) were the predominant phyla in the GIT of the red panda. Interestingly, Escherichia–Shigella were largely abundant in the stomach, small intestine, and feces whereas the abundance of Bacteroides in the large intestine was high. Overall, our study provides a deeper understanding of the gut biogeography of the red panda microbial population. Future research will be important to investigate the microbial culture, metagenomics and metabolism of red panda GIT, especially in Escherichia–Shigella.</p