Pharmacovigilance in Developing Countries: Drivers and Barriers

The Pharmacovigilance is crucial for patient safety and improving healthcare quality, particularly in developing countries where the burden of disease is high. This study examines the drivers and barriers to implementing effective pharmacovigilance systems in these countries. Increased availability and use of medicines and the globalization of the pharmaceutical industry have led to an increase in the number of adverse drug reactions and a need for harmonized pharmacovigilance regulations and reporting standards. Developing countries have made significant progress in establishing regulatory frameworks, and international organizations have provided technical assistance and resources. The use of technology, such as mobile phone applications, has made it easier to report adverse drug reactions and monitor drug safety in developing countries. However, several barriers hinder the success of pharmacovigilance systems in developing countries. These include the lack of resources, limited awareness and education, and limited access to information, making it challenging for healthcare professionals and regulatory authorities to monitor drug safety. Fragmented healthcare systems and cultural and social barriers, such as stigma associated with reporting ADRs, further compound the issue. It is essential to address these barriers to promote the successful implementation of pharmacovigilance systems in developing countries. Doing so will improve patient safety, reduce the burden of disease, and enhance healthcare quality. Future research should focus on developing strategies to overcome these barriers and promote the effective implementation of pharmacovigilance systems in developing countries

Overview of Cancers and Impact of Music Therapy in Intervention: A Literature Review

Cancer is taken under consideration as a fatal disease. It’s caused by a spread of things including unhealthy lifestyles, pollution, stress, radiation exposure, infection, tobacco consumption, and unhealthy food choices. There are several varieties of cancer that affect the chassis and their growth varies depending on the type. Cancer could be a major reason for death after a heart condition. There are 10 million new cases of cancer and approximately 5 million deaths in 2020 were caused by cancer (World Health Organization, 2018)1, and deaths from cancer worldwide are projected to still rise to over 20 million by 2025 (Stewart and Wild. 2014)2. There are several intervention modes to treat cancer patients. Besides medical intervention, there are prominent psychosocial concerns that have a very noticeable impact on intervention in the case of cancer patients. Cancer treatment facilities in India have incorporated psychosocial services into cancer care by routinely assessing patients’ levels of distress. For that Music therapy can improve their quality of life by addressing the emotional, spiritual, and physical needs that will arise during this point. Furthermore, music therapy also can be applied to assist relationships throughout the grieving process by providing comfort, continuity, and opportunities for specific feelings of loss (Rossetti et al., 2017)3. Hence, there’s a greater need and justification for exploring the scope of using music therapy with cancer patients, especially in low-income countries, including Indi

The Importance of Data Science in Technical Industry with Special Reference to Hardware/Software Industry

The data is converted into information from long time ago. Information is the key for any business to excel and overcome to competitions. Earlier the data was not so large and it was computed and converted into information. As the industry grows and with the growing need of demand and supply in comparison to increasing population of the world. Companies are strategically focusing on the information so that they can make the best strategy to win. The new flavor of the old win named as “Data Science” which is dedicated to computing data and extract the valuable information for formulating strategies. In this paper first we discuss about data science and how it is beneficial for technical industry with special reference to hardware/software industry

Impact of uncontrolled diabetes on oral disease progression and healing

The two most prominent chronic diseases affecting people today, diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease, astonishingly, have a lot in common. Periodontitis is more common in persons with uncontrolled diabetes, according to epidemiologic data. The term "periodontitis" refers to a set of conditions that affect the alveolar bone, gingiva, root cementum, and periodontal ligament, which together make up the tooth's supporting structure. Gingivitis and periodontitis, the two most prevalent types of periodontal disorders, are defined by a host response cascade that is triggered by the presence of bacteria and results in periodontal tissue damage. Several shared predisposing variables of a genetic, microbiological, and lifestyle origin as well as the production of advanced glycation end products as a result of hyperglycaemia are thought to be the mechanisms behind the connections between diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease. Uncontrolled diabetes and the accompanying hyperglycaemia are known to have a role in the development and progression of oral disorders. Diabetes also affects normal tissue reparative responses inside the oral cavity, which can hamper healing and result in clinical problems

Hearing Loss in Stroke Cases: A Literature Review

Stroke is the most common cause of neurological disability (MacDonald, Cockerell, Sander, & Shorvon, 2000) and about 1 in 3 stroke life survivors are functionally reliant on it after one year (Murray and Lopez 1996). The majority of stroke survivors need restoration (MacDonald et al., 2000), requiring them to be adequately informed of the prognosis, nature, and proposed treatment of their illness. Hearing plays an important role in effective communication between healthcare professionals and patients (Bensing, 2000), therefore hearing loss may restrict contribution in recuperation programs, leading to an inferior level of bodily performance (Landi et al., 2006). Both hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes may interrupt all stages of the hearing path and lead to hearing shortages that start acutely previously, throughout, or shortly after the occurrence of the stroke. Yet, hearing shortfalls after stroke have not been as lengthily investigated as visual shortfalls, possibly due to the potentially “invisible” nature of this loss compared to more noticeable symptoms (e.g., dysphasia or motor loss). Hearing impairment after stroke may be a vital unmet need for stroke patients and additional research into patterns, detection, prevalence, and treatment are compulsory. In SCA infarction, the ischemic lesion happens in the area where threads from the nucleus have already traversed, and therefore sensory hearing impairment is noticed in the contralateral sideways. There is clear evidence that PICA and AICA territory strokes may result in mixed cochlear/retro­ cochlear, and less frequently retro cochlear-only patterns of hearing impairment (H. Lee et al., 2002). Hearing impairment for both AICA and PICA infarcts is mostly one-sided. Stroke may affect all levels of the auditory pathway and lead to hearing reception and/or perception deficits. Sudden-onset hearing loss after stroke of the vertebra-basilar territory and/or low brainstem is one of the less frequent neurologic impairments, while cortical or central deafness is even rarer. However, studies of populations with stroke indicate that hearing loss is very common, while in the general population, a past history of stroke increases the likelihood of having hearing loss. Auditory-processing deficits after stroke are less well studied than hearing loss and possibly under documented. Auditory dysfunction may impact on patient communication and may even predict long-term patient outcome after stroke. Despite this, clinical guidelines for auditory assessments after stroke are rudimentary. This study reviews the available information of auditory function in patients with stroke. On the basis of the information available, it is suggested that screening the patient's hearing before the patient leaves the stroke ward with a short test and a minimum set of hearing-related questions and subsequently screening the patient's hearing needs with targeted questions at the chronic stage of stroke may be a cost-effective bare minimum assessment approach to addressing the hearing needs of this complex population

iNCOVACC COVID-19 vaccine: A Twitter based Social Media Analysis Using Natural Language Processing, Sentiment Analysis, and Topic Modelling

Most, if not all, the vaccine candidates designed to counteract COVID-19 due to SARS-CoV-2 infection require parenteral administration. Mucosal immunity established by vaccination could significantly contribute to containing the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, which is spread by infected respiratory secretions. The world has been impacted on many fronts by the COVID-19 pandemic since early 2020 and has yet to recover entirely from the impact of the crisis. In late 2022 and early 2023, China experienced a new surge of COVID-19 outbreaks, mainly in the country's northeastern region. With the threat of new variants like XBB 1.5 and BF.7, India might experience a similar COVID-19 surge as China and needs to be prepared to avoid destruction again. An intranasal vaccine can elicit multiple immunological responses, including IgG neutralization, mucosal IgA production, and T-cell responses. In order to prevent further infection and the spread of COVID-19, local immune responses in the nasal mucosa are required. iNCOVACC is a recombinant vaccine vectored by an adenovirus that contains a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein that has been pre-fusion stabilized. This vaccine candidate has shown promise in both early and late-stage clinical trials. iNCOVACC has been designed for intranasal administration via nasal drops. The nasal delivery system was created to reduce expenses for those living in poor and moderate-income countries. The newly introduced intranasal COVID vaccine will be beneficial in mass immunizing the public as it does not need any syringe and can be proven to be an effective method to boost immunity against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. This study uses natural language processing (NLP) techniques to analyze the Indian citizen's perceptions of the newly developed iNCOVACC vaccine in social media. For this study, we have used social media posts (tweets) as data. We have analyzed 125,300 tweets to study the general perception of Indian citizens regarding the iNCOVACC vaccine. Our results have indicated 43.19% of social media posts discussing the COVID-19 nasal vaccine in a neutral tone, nearly 34.29% of social media posts are positive, and 22.5% of social media posts discussions are negative. The general positive feeling that the iNCOVACC vaccine will work and the risks in the new vaccine are the two significant aspects Indian citizens voice out in social media posts about the iNCOVACC vaccine

Accumulation of and Response to Auxins in Roots and Nodules of the Actinorhizal Plant Datisca glomerata Compared to the Model Legume Medicago truncatula

Actinorhizal nodules are structurally different from legume nodules and show a greater similarity to lateral roots. Because of the important role of auxins in lateral root and nodule formation, auxin profiles were examined in roots and nodules of the actinorhizal species Datisca glomerata and the model legume Medicago truncatula. The auxin response in roots and nodules of both species was analyzed in transgenic root systems expressing a beta-glucuronidase gene under control of the synthetic auxin-responsive promoter DR5. The effects of two different auxin on root development were compared for both species. The auxin present in nodules at the highest levels was phenylacetic acid (PAA). No differences were found between the concentrations of active auxins of roots vs. nodules, while levels of the auxin conjugate indole-3-acetic acid-alanine were increased in nodules compared to roots of both species. Because auxins typically act in concert with cytokinins, cytokinins were also quantified. Concentrations of cis-zeatin and some glycosylated cytokinins were dramatically increased in nodules compared to roots of D. glomerata, but not of M. truncatula. The ratio of active auxins to cytokinins remained similar in nodules compared to roots in both species. The auxin response, as shown by the activation of the DR5 promoter, seemed significantly reduced in nodules compared to roots of both species, suggesting the accumulation of auxins in cell types that do not express the signal transduction pathway leading to DR5 activation. Effects on root development were analyzed for the synthetic auxin naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and PAA, the dominant auxin in nodules. Both auxins had similar effects, except that the sensitivity of roots to PAA was lower than to NAA. However, while the effects of both auxins on primary root growth were similar for both species, effects on root branching were different: both auxins had the classical positive effect on root branching in M. truncatula, but a negative effect in D. glomerata. Such a negative effect of exogenous auxin on root branching has previously been found for a cucurbit that forms lateral root primordia in the meristem of the parental root; however, root branching in D. glomerata does not follow that pattern.This study was supported by two grants from the Swedish Research Council Vetenskapsrådet (VR 2007-17840-52674-16 and VR 2012-03061) and by a grant from Carl Tryggers Stiftelse för Vetenskaplig Forskning (CTS 13:354) to KP, by a grant from the Russian Science Foundation (analyses of auxin response pattern, grant no. 16-16-00089) to KND, and by a grant from the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of CR within the National Sustainability Program I (NPUI, grant number LO1415) to TR. UM was supported by the Australian Research Council (DP150102002)

Quantifying and Localizing the Mitochondrial Proteome Across Five Tissues in A Mouse Population.

We have used SWATH mass spectrometry to quantify 3648 proteins across 76 proteomes collected from genetically diverse BXD mouse strains in two fractions (mitochondria and total cell) from five tissues: liver, quadriceps, heart, brain, and brown adipose (BAT). Across tissues, expression covariation between genes' proteins and transcripts-measured in the same individuals-broadly aligned. Covariation was however far stronger in certain subsets than others: only 8% of transcripts in the lowest expression and variance quintile covaried with their protein, in contrast to 65% of transcripts in the highest quintiles. Key functional differences among the 3648 genes were also observed across tissues, with electron transport chain (ETC) genes particularly investigated. ETC complex proteins covary and form strong gene networks according to tissue, but their equivalent transcripts do not. Certain physiological consequences, such as the depletion of ATP synthase in BAT, are thus obscured in transcript data. Lastly, we compared the quantitative proteomic measurements between the total cell and mitochondrial fractions for the five tissues. The resulting enrichment score highlighted several hundred proteins which were strongly enriched in mitochondria, which included several dozen proteins were not reported in literature to be mitochondrially localized. Four of these candidates were selected for biochemical validation, where we found MTAP, SOAT2, and IMPDH2 to be localized inside the mitochondria, whereas ABCC6 was in the mitochondria-associated membrane. These findings demonstrate the synergies of a multi-omics approach to study complex metabolic processes, and this provides a resource for further discovery and analysis of proteoforms, modified proteins, and protein localization