Clinical Outcomes to Exercise Training in Type 1 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

AIMS: To establish the relationship between exercise training and clinical outcomes in people with type I diabetes. METHODS: Studies were identified through a MEDLINE search strategy, Cochrane Controlled Trials Registry, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus and Science Citation Index. The search strategy included a mix of key concepts related to exercise training; type 1 diabetes; glycaemic control for trials of exercise training in people with type 1 diabetes. Searches were limited to prospective randomized or controlled trials of exercise training in humans with type 1 diabetes lasting 12 weeks or more. RESULTS: In exercised adults there were significant improvements in body mass Mean Difference (MD): -2.20 kg, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) -3.79 -0.61, p=0.007; body mass index (BMI) MD: -0.39 kg/m2, 95% CI -0.75 -0.02, p=0.04; Peak VO2MD: 4.08 ml/kg/min, 95% CI 2.18 5.98, p<0.0001; and, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) MD: -0.21 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.33 -0.08, p=0.002. In exercised children there were significant improvements in insulin dose MD: -0.23 IU/kg, 95% CI -0.37 -0.09, p=0.002; waist circumference MD: -5.40 cm, 95% CI -8.45 -2.35, p=0.0005; LDL MD: -0.31 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.55 -0.06, p=0.02; and, triglycerides MD: -0.21 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.42 -0.0, p=0.04. There were no significant changes in glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1C%), fasting blood glucose, resting heart rate, resting systolic blood pressure or high density lipoproteins in either group. CONCLUSIONS: Exercise training improves some markers of type 1 diabetes severity; particularly body mass, BMI, Peak VO2and LDL in adults and insulin dose, waist circumference, LDL and triglycerides in children

Examining the theory of challenge and threat states in athletes: do predictions extend to academic performance?

Challenge and threat responses have been seen to predict success in meaningful performance environments, however, it is not as clear whether challenge and threat states predict academic outcomes. We tested if predictions from the Theory of Challenge and Threat in Athletes (TCTSA) can be extended to an academic context, by considering antecedents and outcomes of challenge and threat states as well as whether cardiovascular markers predicted academic performance. Thirty-six undergraduate students were asked to give speeches on an academic topic, and their cardiovascular responses, overall annual marks, and marks in a specific presentation assessment were recorded. Challenge and threat indexes failed to predict either of the performance measures. Limited support was found for other hypothesised relationships of the TCTSA, with challenge states predicting greater reinvestment, which was opposite to that hypothesised. Results suggest that predictions of the TCTSA may not be as pertinent in understanding goal pursuit in academic settings

Supplementary Material for: The Effect of Exercise Training Intensity on Quality of Life in Heart Failure Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

<i>Objectives:</i> To establish if exercise training intensity produces different effect sizes for quality of life in heart failure. <i>Background:</i> Exercise intensity is the primary stimulus for physical and mental adaptation. <i>Methods:</i> We conducted a MEDLINE search (1985 to February 2016) for exercise-based rehabilitation trials in heart failure using the search terms ‘exercise training', ‘left ventricular dysfunction', ‘peak VO2', ‘cardiomyopathy', and ‘systolic heart dysfunction'. <i>Results:</i> Twenty-five studies were included; 4 (16%) comprised high-, 10 (40%) vigorous-, 9 (36%) moderate- and 0 (0%) low-intensity groups; two studies were unclassified. The 25 studies provided a total of 2,385 participants, 1,223 exercising and 1,162 controls (36,056 patient-hours of training). Analyses reported significant improvement in total Minnesota living with heart failure (MLWHF) total score [mean difference (MD) -8.24, 95% CI -11.55 to -4.92, p < 0.00001]. Physical MLWHF scorewas significantly improved in all studies (MD -2.89, 95% CI -4.27 to -1.50, p < 0.00001). MLWHF total score was significantly reduced after high- (MD -13.74, 95% CI -21.34 to -6.14, p = 0.0004) and vigorous-intensity training (MD -8.56, 95% CI -12.77 to -4.35, p < 0.0001) but not moderate-intensity training. A significant improvement in the total MLWHF score was seen after aerobic training (MD -3.87, 95% CI -6.97 to -0.78, p = 0.01), and combined aerobic and resistance training (MD -9.82, 95% CI -15.71 to -3.92, p = 0.001), but not resistance training. <i>Conclusions:</i> As exercise training intensity rises, so may the magnitude of improvement in quality of life in exercising patients. Aerobic-only or combined aerobic and resistance training may offer the greatest improvements in quality of life

MOESM1 of The effect of exercise training on clinical outcomes in patients with the metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Additional file 1: Table S1. Excluded randomized controlled trials. Table S2. TESTEX Study Quality Assessment. Table S3. Analysis of the effects of exercise and diet on MetS. Table S4. Sub analysis of effect of exercise training on MetS by weekly exercise training duration (mins). Table S5. Sub-analysis of effects of exercise training on MetS by total exercise program time