The language of religious affiliation: social, emotional, and cognitive differences

Religious affiliation is an important identifying characteristic for many individuals and relates to numerous life outcomes including health, well-being, policy positions, and cognitive style. Using methods from computational linguistics, we examined language from 12,815 Facebook users in the United States and United Kingdom who indicated their religious affiliation. Religious individuals used more positive emotion words (β = .278, p < .0001) and social themes such as family (β = .242, p < .0001), while nonreligious people expressed more negative emotions like anger (β = −.427, p < .0001) and categories related to cognitive processes, like tentativeness (β = −.153, p < .0001). Nonreligious individuals also used more themes related to the body (β = −.265, p < .0001) and death (β = −.247, p < .0001). The findings offer directions for future research on religious affiliation, specifically in terms of social, emotional, and cognitive differences

Genetic differentiation (<i>Fst</i>) of <i>P</i>. <i>vivax</i> populations.

<p>Genetic differentiation (<i>Fst</i>) of <i>P</i>. <i>vivax</i> populations.</p

Bottleneck analysis ^#.

<p>Bottleneck analysis <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005930#t004fn001" target="_blank">^#</a>.</p

Substantial population structure of <i>Plasmodium vivax</i> in Thailand facilitates identification of the sources of residual transmission

<div><p>Background</p><p><i>Plasmodium vivax</i> transmission in Thailand has been substantially reduced over the past 10 years, yet it remains highly endemic along international borders. Understanding the genetic relationship of residual parasite populations can help track the origins of the parasites that are reintroduced into malaria-free regions within the country.</p><p>Methodology/Results</p><p>A total of 127 <i>P</i>. <i>vivax</i> isolates were genotyped from two western provinces (Tak and Kanchanaburi) and one eastern province (Ubon Ratchathani) of Thailand using 10 microsatellite markers. Genetic diversity was high, but recent clonal expansion was detected in all three provinces. Substantial population structure and genetic differentiation of parasites among provinces suggest limited gene flow among these sites. There was no haplotype sharing among the three sites, and a reduced panel of four microsatellite markers was sufficient to assign the parasites to their provincial origins.</p><p>Conclusion/Significance</p><p>Significant parasite genetic differentiation between provinces shows successful interruption of parasite spread within Thailand, but high diversity along international borders implies a substantial parasite population size in these regions. The provincial origin of <i>P</i>. <i>vivax</i> cases can be reliably determined by genotyping four microsatellite markers, which should be useful for monitoring parasite reintroduction after malaria elimination.</p></div

Genetic differentiation (<i>Fst</i>) of <i>P</i>. <i>vivax</i> populations.

<p>Genetic differentiation (<i>Fst</i>) of <i>P</i>. <i>vivax</i> populations.</p

Map showing three provinces in Thailand where samples were collected (modified from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Thailand).

<p>Map showing three provinces in Thailand where samples were collected (modified from <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Thailand" target="_blank">https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Thailand</a>).</p

Inhibitory function of anti-DBPII antibodies in <i>P</i>. <i>vivax</i> individuals against heterologous DBL-TH4 and DBL-TH5 or heterologous DBL-TH4, DBL-TH5 and homologous reference Sal I binding to human erythrocytes measured by COS7 cell binding-inhibition assay

<p>Inhibitory function of anti-DBPII antibodies in <i>P</i>. <i>vivax</i> individuals against heterologous DBL-TH4 and DBL-TH5 or heterologous DBL-TH4, DBL-TH5 and homologous reference Sal I binding to human erythrocytes measured by COS7 cell binding-inhibition assay</p

Optimal panel of MS markers and determination of haplotype loss during the removal of each MS.

<p>The removal of MS was prioritized from lower to higher <i>H</i>_<i>E</i> according to the X-axis. The remaining haplotypes after removal were shown by the percentages of all haplotypes.</p

The mean number of alleles, the multiplicity of infection and the expected heterozygosity (<i>H</i>_<i>E</i>) per locus.

<p>The mean number of alleles, the multiplicity of infection and the expected heterozygosity (<i>H</i>_<i>E</i>) per locus.</p

Principal coordinate analysis of <i>P</i>. <i>vivax</i> haplotypes from three provinces.

<p>Principal coordinate analysis of <i>P</i>. <i>vivax</i> haplotypes from three provinces.</p