Phylogeny file

Nexus file with the phylogeny used in the analysis. This tree was constructed using the tree of Hackett et al. (2008) as a "backbone", with some additional information added. For the taxa contained in the morphometric data, the names of terminal nodes have been modified to match the "Taxon" variable of the morphometric data file. Taxa not included in the morphometric data remain in this tree

The Las Hoyas Lagerstätte: a palaeontological look to an Early Cretaceous wetland

Fig. S1 and systematic lis

Appendix S3. Summary of Canonical Variates Analysis.

Summary of Canonical Variates Analysis: 1. Eigenvalues and % variance explained by the canonical functions; 2. Lambda Wilk’s test for mean groups’ differences; 3. Coefficients of the canonical functions; 4. Reclassification of modern birds’ dataset after leave-one-out validation. Group codes: continuous flapping (1); bounding (2); facultative gliding (3)

Appendix S4. Difference in power margin between two modern birds with similar body mass.

Flight reconstruction of two modern flying birds with similar BM to show difference in the power margin. Power curves indicating the relationship between Pmec and Vt were modeled for a continuous flapping strategy (i.e., q=1) with CDb calculated according the two approaches used in this study: A, CDb = 0.1; and B, CDb = 0.01 SL / Sb (see Methods). Pav is closely similar as both birds weighted almost the same, and thus the mean value of Pav was drawn (pointed horizontal line). The bar-tailed godwit Limosa lapponica (BM = 367g; CDb = 0.136) shows sufficient power margin to sustain flapping flight in the full-range of Vt, using the aerobic activity from the flight muscles. In contrast, the grey partridge Perdix perdix (BM = 372g; CDb = 0.125) cannot sustain a prolonged flapping flight because the Pav does not attain Pmec. Instead, partridges and other Galliformes fly using short bursts supported by anaerobic activity of the fiber muscles (see Bishop and Butler 2015)

Appendix S1. Concornis lacustris and Eoalulavis hoyasi measurements.

Measurements of the fossil specimens from Las Hoyas included in the present study. Following Serrano et al. (2017)

Skull of <i>Europejara olcadesorum</i> gen. et sp. nov.

<p>(A) Close-up of the crushed left post-orbital region of the skull (acid-prepared counterslab) in lateral view showing the narrowness of the lower temporal fenestra (ltf), the mandibular condyle of the quadrate (cq) and the distal extremities of the hyoid apparatus (hy). (B) Close-up of the posterior area of the palate (main slab under ultraviolet light) in dorsal view showing the thin, elongated vomer (v) septum separating the two choanae (ch). Note the medial surface of the left dentary (ld) and the hyoid apparatus (hy), adjacent to the ventral margin of the mandible. (C) Detail of the posterior area of the palate (acid-prepared counterslab) in dorsal view showing the pterygoid (pt), the ectopterygoid (ec), and the right maxilla (rm). Note the robustness of right mandibular ramus (in lateral view) and its thin, edentulous dorsal edge (arrow). ch, choanae; cq, mandibular condyle of the quadrate; ec, ectopterygoid; hy, hyoid apparatus; j, jugal; lbd, lingual bulge of the dentary; ld, left dentary; lft, lower temporal fenestra; po, postorbital; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; rd, right dentary; rm, right maxilla; sq, squamosal; v, vomer. Scale bars: 10 mm.</p

Comparisons of tapejarine lower jaws.

<p>(A) <i>Europejara olcadesorum</i> gen. et sp. nov. (specimen MCCM-LH 9413): dentary crest height/mandibular ramus height (DCH/MRH) ratio = 4. (B) <i>Tupandactylus imperator</i> (specimen CPCA 3590): DCH/MRH ratio = 3. (C) <i>Tapejara wellnhoferi</i> (specimen AMNH 24440): DCH/MRH ratio = 2.5. (D) <i>Sinopterus dongi</i> (specimen GMN-03-11-001, holotype of <i>Huaxiapterus jii</i>): DCH/MRH ratio = 2.2. (E) <i>Sinopterus dongi</i> (specimen IVPP V 13363): DCH/MRH ratio = 1.5. (F) Kem Kem tapejarine (specimen BSP 1997 I 67): DCH/MRH ratio unknown. Gray areas indicate missing parts. Scale bars: 50 mm.</p

Line drawing of the holotype of <i>Europejara olcadesorum</i> gen. et sp. nov. and life restoration.

<p>(A) Interpretative line drawing of the skull as observed on the acid-prepared counterslab. (B) Reconstruction of the skull (based in part on <i>Tapejara</i>) showing preserved parts in red. Life restoration of the head of <i>Europejara</i> in lateral (C) and frontal (D) views. apj, anterior process of the jugal; aprj, anterior process of the right jugal; d, dentary; ec, ectopterygoid; hy, hyoids; j, jugal; l, lacrimal; ld, left dentary; lj, left jugal; lm, left maxilla; lpo, left postorbital; lq, left quadrate; lsa, left surangular; lsq, left squamosal; ltf, lower temporal fenestra; m, maxilla; naof, nasoantorbital fenestra; o, orbit; pf, postfrontal; po, postorbital; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; rap, retroarticular process; rd, right dentary; rm, right maxilla; scd, sagittal crest of the dentary; scp, scleral plates; sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 50 mm.</p

Photographs of the holotype of <i>Europejara olcadesorum</i> gen. et sp. nov. (MCCM-LH 9413).

<p>(A) Main slab under ultraviolet light. (B) Acid-prepared counterslab. Scale bar: 50 mm.</p

Strict consensus cladogram showing the relationships of <i>Europejara olcadesorum</i> gen. et sp. nov. to other Pterodactyloidea.

<p><i>Europejara olcadesorum</i> was found to be a member of the clade Tapejarinae (<i>sensu </i><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0038900#pone.0038900-Kellner3" target="_blank">[7]</a>). Tree length = 205, consistency index = 0.7561, retention index = 0.8538, rescaled consistency index = 0.6456 (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0038900#pone.0038900.s001" target="_blank">Appendix S1</a> for character list and data matrix). Nodes: 1, Pterosauria; 2, Pterodactyloidea; 3, Azhdarchoidea; 4, Tapejarinae (<i>sensu </i><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0038900#pone.0038900-Kellner3" target="_blank">[7]</a>). As indicated by its toothless condition, <i>Europejara</i> is included within the clade Azhdarchoidea (synapomorphy: character 57, state 3). <i>Europejara</i> shares with other tapejarines the apomorphic feature consisting of the presence of a step-like dorsal margin of the dentary in lateral view (synapomorphy: character 52, state 1).</p