The 50% lethal dose of <i>B. pseudomallei</i> K96243 when administered by oropharyngeal aspiration.

<p>Five doses of 10-fold serial dilutions were prepared to administer 4.06×10⁴ cfu, 3.83×10³ cfu, 640 cfu, 40 cfu and 4 cfu of <i>B. pseudomallei</i> K96243 to BALB/c mice by OA as described as described in the <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0115066#s2" target="_blank">materials and methods</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0115066#pone-0115066-g001" target="_blank">Fig. 1</a>. Mice were observed for 14 days. The actual inhaled doses are shown in the graph and were utilized to calculate LD₅₀ (3.11 cfu).</p

Temporal lung lesions induced by <i>B. pseudomallei</i> when administered by oropharyngeal aspiration.

<p>Lungs were collected from mice at 24 h, 48 h and 72 h post infection, stained (H&E stains and Periodic Acid Schiff) and analyzed for <i>B. pseudomallei</i> induced lung damage. Focal pyogranulomatous lesions associated with bronchioles are indicated by arrows. PBS (72 h) depict sham challenged lung tissue at 72 hours following administration of PBS. The data presented here represent a consensus of five lungs examined at each timepoint.</p

Lymphocyte infiltration of lungs following oropharyngeal aspiration of <i>B. pseudomallei</i>.

<p>At 24 hour increments, five mice were randomly selected and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was collected. The number of lymphocytes/BALF were assessed as a measurement of pulmonary inflammation and are presented as the average of the five counts with the SEM presented on the graph. Controls depict lymphocytes from uninfected naïve mice while sham challenged (PBS) samples were harvested 72 hours following inhalation to reflect the timepoint where signs of inflammation were maximal in our studies.</p

Proinflammatory cytokine production in the proximal lung fluids following oropharyngeal aspiration challenge with <i>B. pseudomallei</i>.

<p>Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid collected from OA-challenged mice (n = 5) were analyzed by cytometric bead analysis for the presence of proinflammatory cytokines. Each assay was performed in triplicate. The average of the five mice is shown in pg/ml with the SEM displayed on the graph. *indicates statistical significance compared to naïve BALF as determined by one-way Anova with Tukey's post-test (*<0.05, **<0.01).</p

Challenge by oropharyngeal aspiration.

<p>Mice were lightly anesthetized as described in the <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0115066#s2" target="_blank">materials and methods</a> and manually restrained in an upright position (A). Small curved forceps were applied to gently open the mouth and secure the tongue to the lower jaw (A, inset). (B) 30 µl of inoculum was administered to the back of the mouth using a pipette and sterile tip. The nares were blocked by the second investigator (C) to prevent obligate nasal breathing and compel inhalation of the inoculums.</p

Reproducibility of oropharyngeal aspiration.

<p>The results of four independent challenges are presented here. In each case, 15 BALB/c mice were challenged by OA with <i>B. pseudomallei</i> K96243 and the inhaled dose was determed as described in the <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0115066#s2" target="_blank">materials and methods</a> section. Asterics identify challenges performed for this work (* from model, ** from LD₅₀).</p

Inflammatory lung scores following OA-challenge.

<p><i>B. pseudomallei</i> or PBS was delivered to BALB/c mice by OA. The lungs were collected and processed as described above and alalyzed for signs of perivascular, peribronchial and interstitial inflammation according to previously described <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0115066#s2" target="_blank">methods</a><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0115066#pone.0115066-Norris1" target="_blank">[40]</a>–<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0115066#pone.0115066-McConchie1" target="_blank">[42]</a>. Controls depict lungs from uninfected naïve mice while PBS represents sham challenged tissues. The average score of the five mice is shown with the SEM displayed on the graph. *indicates statistical significance compared to the PBS controls as determined by one-way Anova with Tukey's post-test (*<0.05, ***<0.0001).</p

Proinflammatory cytokine concentration in the peripheral blood following oropharyngeal aspiration challenge with <i>B. pseudomallei</i>.

<p>Serum from each of the mice (n = 5) examined above was analyzed by cytometric bead analysis for the presence of proinflammatory cytokines. Each assay was performed in triplicate. The average of the five mice is shown in pg/ml with the SEM displayed on the graph. *indicates statistical significance compared to naïve serum as determined by one-way Anova with Tukey's post-test (*<0.05, **<0.01, ***<0.001).</p

The 50% lethal dose of <i>B. mallei</i> ATCC 23344 when administered by oropharyngeal aspiration.

<p>Five doses of 10-fold serial dilutions were prepared to administer 3.8×10⁵ cfu, 3.6×10⁴ cfu, 3.36×10³ cfu, 366 cfu and 36 cfu of <i>B. mallei</i> ATCC 23344 to BALB/c mice by OA as described as described in the <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0115066#s2" target="_blank">materials and methods</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0115066#pone-0115066-g001" target="_blank">Fig. 1</a>. Mice were observed for 14 days. The actual inhaled doses are shown in the graph and were utilized to calculate LD₅₀ (1.7×10³ cfu).</p

Maternal ZIKV infection induces placental damage.

<p>Pregnant dams at E9.5 were infected with 3.4 × 10⁵ PFU of ZIKV and sacrificed at 3 dpi. Paraffin-embedded placental tissues were stained with H&E. Representative images are shown. (<b>A</b>) Labyrinth trophoblast hyperplasia in the placentas of infected dams. Arrows indicate mitotic labyrinth trophoblasts. Scale bar, 50 μm or 10 μm. (<b>B</b>) Trophoblast giant cell necrosis in the junctional zone. Arrows indicate normal tissue (left) or necrotic cell debris (right). D, decidua; JZ, junctional zone. Scale bar, 25 μm. (<b>C</b>) Thrombi in maternal or embryonic blood vessels in the labyrinth. Arrows indicate thrombi. Scale bar, 50 μm. (<b>D</b>) Loss of embryonic blood vessels, characterized by the absence of nucleated embryonic red blood cells, in the labyrinth of infected dams. Arrows indicate nucleated embryonic red blood cells. Scale bar, 50 μm.</p