Database S3: microCT images of mosquito thorax

microCT scan results of the thorax of a female malaria mosquito using the TOMCAT beamline of the Swiss Light Source

Supplementary material from Flight behaviour of malaria mosquitoes around odour-baited traps: capture and escape dynamics

Host-seeking mosquitoes rely on a range of sensory cues to find and approach blood hosts, as well as to avoid host detection. By using odour blends and visual cues that attract anthropophilic mosquitoes, odour-baited traps have been developed to monitor and control human pathogen-transmitting vectors. Although long-range attraction of such traps has already been studied thoroughly, close-range response of mosquitoes to these traps has been largely ignored. Here, we studied the flight behaviour of female malaria mosquitoes (<i>Anopheles coluzzii</i>) in the immediate vicinity of a commercially available odour-baited trap, positioned in a hanging and standing orientation. By analysing more than 2500 three-dimensional flight tracks, we elucidated how mosquitoes reacted to the trap, and how this led to capture. The measured flight dynamics revealed two distinct stereotypical behaviours: (i) mosquitoes that approached a trap tended to simultaneously fly downward towards the ground; (ii) mosquitoes that came close to a trap changed their flight direction by rapidly accelerating upward. The combination of these behaviours led to strikingly different flight patterns and capture dynamics, resulting in contrasting short-range attractiveness and capture mechanism of the oppositely oriented traps. These new insights may help in improving odour-baited traps, and consequently their contribution in global vector control strategies

Database S2: Fourier series of wingbeat kinematics

Fourier series coefficients of the average wingbeat of all steady flying unfed mosquitoes (n=264 wingbeats), and of the wingbeat modification parameters as a result of increased aerodynamic force production. All Fourier series coefficients are defined by Eqn 7. Using Eqn 7 and 9, one can reconstruct the steady flight wingbeat kinematics for a mosquito with an arbitrary blood-load of F/mg_unfed

Variation between different replicates in movement assays of mock- and WT-infected larvae at one, two and three dpi.

<p>Minimum, maximum and mean (± SE) distances moved of all replicates are displayed.</p

The <i>ptp</i> gene is present in all Alphabaculovirus group I NPVs.

<p>Bayesian phylogeny of baculoviruses based on the <i>lef-8</i> gene. GenBank accession numbers are given in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0046933#pone.0046933.s003" target="_blank">Table S3</a>. Numbers in bold indicate maximum likelihood bootstrap values based on 100 replicates, while plain numbers depict Bayesian posterior probabilities. Only values ≥50 are indicated for both analyses. The bar at the bottom indicates a branch length of 10% distance. Baculoviruses possessing a <i>ptp</i> gene are marked by a black dot, while baculoviruses possessing a <i>ptp2</i> gene are marked by a black diamond.</p

The AcMNPV <i>ptp</i> gene is expressed in the WT-, repair- and catmut-infected larvae.

<p>RT-PCR analysis on mock- (M), WT- (W), Δ<i>ptp</i>- (Δ), repair- (R) and catmut-infected (C) larvae. Expression of the AcMNPV <i>ptp</i> gene, the AcMNPV <i>ie1</i> gene and the host <i>Se</i>-<i>eIF5A</i> gene was analyzed. For each RT sample, a PCR without RT step (non-RT) was performed in parallel. For each primer pair, a no-template control was processed (-). The GeneRuler 100 bp ladder (Fermentas) was included in the agarose gel to estimate PCR fragment sizes.</p

Database S1: Take-off kinematics

Morphology and take-off kinematics for all filmed mosquitoes. The database consists of three sets: (1) the body position and orientation throughout the complete take-off including the push-off phase and the aerial phase for all measured mosquitoes (n=63, results shown in Fig 2), (2) the body and wingbeat kinematics during the aerial phase for all wing-tracked mosquitoes (n=58, results shown in Fig 3), and (3) take-off kinematics of the sub-set of 16 mosquitoes whereby the full body and wing where tracked throughout the complete take-off (n=16, results shown in Fig 4). The body kinematics consists of the body position vector and orientation quaternion output from the tracker, and the Kalman filtered body position, velocity, acceleration and orientation. The wingbeat kinematics consists of the pre-Kalman filtered orientation quaternion of the left and right wing, and the post-Kalman filtered orientation quaternion and Euler angles (stroke, deviation and wing rotation angle) of the left and right wing

Variation between different replicates in movement assays of mock-, WT-, Δ<i>ptp</i>-, repair- and catmut-infected larvae at three dpi.

<p>Minimum, maximum and mean (± SE) distances moved of all replicates are displayed.</p

The baculovirus <i>ptp</i> gene was presumably acquired from a lepidopteran host by an ancestral NPV.

<p>Bayesian phylogeny of <i>ptp</i> nucleotide sequences from diverse invertebrate taxa. GenBank and Butterflybase/InsectaCentral accession numbers are given in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0046933#pone.0046933.s002" target="_blank">Table S2</a>. Numbers in bold indicate maximum likelihood bootstrap values based on 100 replicates, while plain numbers depict Bayesian posterior probabilities. Only values ≥50 are indicated for both analyses. The bar at the bottom indicates a branch length of 10% distance.</p

Overview of the recombinant bacmids used in this study.

<p>On the left the names of the recombinant bacmids are indicated, while on the right the corresponding abbreviated names as they are used in this paper are shown.</p