Independent Actor or Agent? An Empirical Analysis of the impact of US interests on IMF Conditions

In this paper we analyze whether IMF conditionality is exclusively designed in line with observable economic indicators or, alternatively, whether it is partly driven by its major shareholder, the United States. A panel data analysis of 206 letters of intent from 38 countries from 4/1997-2/2003 reveals that the number of conditions on an IMF loan depends on a borrowing country’s voting pattern in the UN general assembly. Closer US allies receive IMF loans with fewer conditions especially prior to elections. Countries not allied with the US have to accept more conditions at election time. We believe that these empirical results speak to the current debate on IMF conditionality and contribute to the broader literature on the role and functioning of international institutions in the global economy.IMF, conditionality, elections

Experience from sentinel health monitoring in units containing rats and mice in experiments

The paper contains the results of 15 months of sentinel health monitoring in four different animal units, of which three were protected by a barrier, and one was operated without any protective procedures. Rat and mouse sentinels were placed inthe units on contaminated bedding for three months and hereafter tested for the following infections: Ectromelia Virus, Kilham Rat Virus (KRV), Lymphocytz's Choriomeningizis Virus (LCM), Minute Virus of Mice (MVMj, Mouse Hepatitis Virus (MHV), Pneumoniuvirus of Mice (PVM), Rai Coronavirus, Reovirus type 3, Sendai Virus, Theiler’s Encephalomyelitis Virus (TMEV), Toolan’s H1 Virus, Bordetella branchisepzica, Citrobacler freundii. Clostridium piliforme, Corynebacterium kutscheri, Mycaplasma spp, Pasteurella pneumotropica, Salmonellae, B-haemolytic Streptoeocci, Streptococcus pneumoniae, arthropods, helminths, Eimeria rpp and flagellates. The outcome of the sentinel investigations were compared with the knowledge on the health status of those animals, which were purchased for experiments in the four units. In the non-proteeted unit antibodies to KR V, PVM and C1 piliforme were refound in the sentinel rats, as it had been found in the purchased animals. Additionally, eggs of Syphacia spp. were found in the non-proteeted unit. P. pneumnrropica, which was also introduced into three of the units with purchased rats and mice, was cultivated from sentinel mice, only, and not from sentinel rats. Both rat and mouse sentinels were found positive to P1 pneumotropica by serology. PVM and C. piliforme, which had been introduced with purchased gerbils and rats and were refound in the sentinel rats, were not found in the sentinel mice. MH V and Rat Coronaviruses were, independently, detected in two of the units. Both coronaviruses were easily eradicated by simply euthanizing all animals of the susceptible species with no precautions taken against animals of other species within the unit. LCM did not spread from experimentally infected mice to the sentinels. Concerning the use of serology for coronaviruses, parvoviruses, C. piliforme and P. pneumotropica it is concluded that the dirty bedding technique proved efficient. For bacteriological and parasitological investigations in general, as well as for serological investigations for LCM and PVM, the method seemed less efficient

Interatomic potentials for mixed oxide (MOX) nuclear fuels

We extend our recently developed interatomic potentials for UO_{2} to the mixed oxide fuel system (U,Pu,Np)O_{2}. We do so by fitting against an extensive database of ab initio results as well as to experimental measurements. The applicability of these interactions to a variety of mixed environments beyond the fitting domain is also assessed. The employed formalism makes these potentials applicable across all interatomic distances without the need for any ambiguous splining to the well-established short-range Ziegler-Biersack-Littmark universal pair potential. We therefore expect these to be reliable potentials for carrying out damage simulations (and Molecular Dynamics simulations in general) in nuclear fuels of varying compositions for all relevant atomic collision energies

Strain restricted typing sera for the use in the genetic monitoring of inbred strains of mice and rats from two danish SPF breeders

Strain restricted typing sera (SRTS) were produced for some of the most used inbred mouse and rat strains in Denmark by injecting lymphocytes pooled from several different strains intraperitoneally into the recipients. The SRTS were combined with a complement dependent cytotoxieity assay. It was possible to distinguish animals from strains with different MHC haplotypes but not animals from strains with the same MHC haplotype. It was concluded that the SRTS eomhined with a  complement dependent cytotoxicity assay could distinguish between some of the most commonly used inbred strains of rats and mice in Denmark

Arkitekturhistorisk Litteratur 1

Lorenzen, V. : Christianshavns borgerlige Bygningskunst Lorenzen, V. : Nordisk og klassis