<創刊特集>大学は地域の歴史文化にどうかかわるのか : 地域連携の成果と課題

<p>Relative changes in postprandial plasma/serum excursions of glucose, pancreatic and gut hormones on day 4 and 42 expressed as mean change in total area under curve (tAUC) with day 0 as reference (with 95% confidence intervals (CI) in brackets), e.g. tAUC_PYY increased 40% from day 0 to day 4.</p><p><b>†</b> denotes p<0.05. CCK, cholecystokinin, GIP, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1, PYY, peptide YY.</p><p>Effect of Antibiotics on Gut Microbiota, Gut Hormones and Glucose Metabolism - Table 2 </p

Early postprandial incremental areas under the curve (iAUC) for plasma glucose and serum insulin responses¹.

1<p>All values are mean ± SEM; n = 14 (n = 13 for S and S+6AA; n = 12 for W+6AA). Values in the same column with different superscript letters are significantly different, P≤0.05 (ANCOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test). S (soy protein isolate); S+5AA (S, iso, leu, lys, thr and val); S+6AA (S+5AA and arg); W (whey protein isolate); W+5AA (W, iso, leu, lys, thr and val); W+6AA (W+5AA and arg).</p

Postprandial serum insulin responses.

<p>Mean (± SEM) incremental postprandial changes (Δ) in serum insulin in response to equal amounts of carbohydrates from a reference meal and the PMPD meals; n = 14 (n = 13 for S and S+6AA; n = 12 for W+6AA). A significant treatment effect (P<0.001) but no time x treatment interaction was found. S (soy protein isolate); S+5AA (S, iso, leu, lys, thr and val); S+6AA (S+5AA and arg); W (whey protein isolate); W+5AA (W, iso, leu, lys, thr and val); W+6AA (W+5AA and arg).</p

Spearman’s partial correlation coefficients and <i>P</i> values controlling for subjects and corresponding baseline values (two-tailed test), for the relations between plasma amino acids, plasma incretins, serum insulin (iAUC 0–15 min, respectively), and plasma glucose (expressed as GI, GP and Glucose iPeak)¹.

1<p>Significant correlations are shown in bold text.</p>2<p>The IGI is correlated to the amino acid (iAUC 0–45 min).</p>3<p>∑ 5 Amino acids: Sum of iAUC of threonine, valine, isoleucine, leucine and lysine.</p>4<p>∑ 6 Amino acids: Sum of iAUC of threonine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine and arginine.</p><p>GI, glycemic index; GIP, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1; GP, glycemic profile; IGI, insulinogenic index; II, insulinemic index.</p

Serving sizes and nutritional compositions of the reference and test meals¹.

1<p>S (soy protein isolate); S+5AA (S, iso, leu, lys, thr and val); S+6AA (S+5AA and arg); W (whey protein isolate); W+5AA (W, iso, leu, lys, thr and val); W+6AA (W+5AA and arg).</p>2<p>Amount of energy per serving.</p

Postprandial plasma incretin responses.

<p>Mean (± SEM) incremental postprandial changes in GIP (A) and GLP-1 (B) in response to equal amounts of carbohydrates from a reference meal and the PMPD meals; n = 14 (n = 13 for S and S+6AA; n = 12 for W+6AA). Significant treatment effects (P<0.0001) but no time x treatment interactions were found for neither GLP-1 nor GIP. S (soy protein isolate); W (whey protein isolate); W+5AA (W, iso, leu, lys, thr and val).</p

Plasma glucose and serum insulin responses after the meals¹.

1<p>All values are mean ± SEM. Values in the same column with different superscript letters are significantly different, P≤0.05 (ANCOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test); n = 14 (n = 13 for S and S+6AA; n = 12 for W+6AA).</p>2<p>GI and II are expressed as iAUC 0–120 min.</p><p>GI, glycemic index; GP, glycemic profile; IGI, insulinogenic index; II, insulinemic index; S (soy prpone.0044731.g004.tifotein isolate); S+5AA (S, iso, leu, lys, thr and val); S+6AA (S+5AA and arg); W (whey protein isolate); W+5AA (W, iso, leu, lys, thr and val); W+6AA (W+5AA and arg).</p

Average relationship between incretin effect and incretin hormones.

<p>Relationship between the incretin effect on total insulin secretion and the corresponding mean OGTT plasma GLP-1 and GIP in NGT and T2D participants. Plots are mean±SE.</p

Individual relationships between incretin effect and incretin hormones.

<p>Individual trajectories for the relationship between the incretin effect on total insulin secretion and the mean OGTT/IIGI ratio of GLP-1 and GIP concentrations in NGT and T2D participants.</p

Incretin effect on potentiation.

<p>Time-course of the incretin effect on OGTT/IIGI ratio of the potentiation factor with increasing glucose loads in NGT and T2D participants. The potentiation factor is normalized to the baseline value before calculating the ratio. Plots are mean±SE.</p