MetabolicRate

MetabolicRat

Interactive effects of plant defense and predation risk on larval weight (mean ± SE) of (a) <i>T. ni</i>, (b) <i>L. decemlineata</i>, and (c) <i>M. sexta</i>.

<p>Plant defense was manipulated using three plant types varying in their jasmonate signaling pathway with ‘jasmonate insensitive’ expressing low resistance, ‘wild-type’ the intermediate phenotype, and ‘jasmonate overexpress’ displaying high resistance. White bars are the predator-free control, and grey bars are labeled ‘PR’ to denote the ‘predation risk’ treatment (i.e., presence of a non-lethal stink bug). Statistical outcome for the main factors, covariate (weight), and interaction term are displayed in the upper right corner of each panel; asterisks correspond to the level of significance: * = <i>P</i><0.05, ** = <i>P</i><0.01, *** = <i>P</i><0.001. N = 10–13, 11–13, and 17–21 replicates per treatment combination for <i>T</i>. <i>ni</i>, <i>L</i>. <i>decemlineata</i>, and <i>M. sexta</i>, respectively.</p

Interactive effects of plant defense and predation risk on the efficiency of conversion of digested food (mean ± SE) for (a) <i>T. ni</i>, and (b) <i>M. sexta</i>.

<p>Plant defense was manipulated using three plant types varying in their jasmonate signaling pathway with ‘jasmonate insensitive’ expressing low resistance, ‘wild-type’ the intermediate phenotype, and ‘jasmonate overexpress’ displaying high resistance. White bars are the predator-free control, and grey bars are labeled ‘PR’ to denote the ‘predation risk’ treatment (i.e., presence of a non-lethal stink bug). Statistical outcome for the main factors, covariate (weight), and interaction term are displayed in the upper right corner of each panel; asterisks correspond to the level of significance: * = <i>P</i><0.05, ** = <i>P</i><0.01, *** = <i>P</i><0.001. N = 10–13 and 17–21 replicates per treatment combination for <i>T</i>. <i>ni</i> and <i>M. sexta</i>, respectively.</p

The main and interactive effects of plant type (‘jasmonate insensitive’, ‘wild-type’, and ‘jasmonate overexpress’ tomato) and predation risk (presence/absence of predaceous stink bug) on consumption, growth, and digestive efficiency of the (A) cabbage looper, <i>T. ni</i>, (B) Colorado potato beetle, <i>L. decemlineata</i>, and (C) tobacco hornworm, <i>M. sexta</i>.

<p>Significant effects are bolded for emphasis. ECI  =  efficiency of conversion of ingested food, ECD  =  efficiency of conversion of digested food, AD  =  approximate digestibility.</p

The main and interactive effects of plant type (‘jasmonate insensitive’, ‘wild-type’, and ‘jasmonate overexpress’ tomato) and predation risk (presence/absence of predaceous stink bug) on consumption, growth, and digestive efficiency of the (A) cabbage looper, <i>T. ni</i>, (B) Colorado potato beetle, <i>L. decemlineata</i>, and (C) tobacco hornworm, <i>M. sexta</i>.

<p>Significant effects are bolded for emphasis. ECI  =  efficiency of conversion of ingested food, ECD  =  efficiency of conversion of digested food, AD  =  approximate digestibility.</p

The predaceous stink bug, <i>P. maculiventris</i>, impaling a Colorado potato beetle larva, <i>L. decemlineata</i>, with its piercing-sucking stylet.

<p>These actively-foraging predators are voracious consumers of caterpillars and beetle larvae, employing extra-oral digestion to ingest the liquefied internal contents of their prey. Photo by Ellen Woods.</p

Appendix A. Effects of various factors on mass of Spodoptera exigua and proteinase inhibitor activity.

Effects of various factors on mass of Spodoptera exigua and proteinase inhibitor activity

Interactive effects of plant defense and predation risk on <i>M. sexta</i> digestive physiology (mean ± SE) as measured via (a) frass nitrogen, and whole-body composition (μg/mg caterpillar dry weight) – (b) glycogen, (c) sugars, and (d) lipids.

<p>Plant defense was manipulated using three plant types varying in their jasmonate signaling pathway with ‘jasmonate insensitive’ expressing low resistance, ‘wild-type’ the intermediate phenotype, and ‘jasmonate overexpress’ displaying high resistance. White bars are the predator-free control, and grey bars are labeled ‘PR’ to denote the ‘predation risk’ treatment (i.e., presence of a non-lethal stink bug). Statistical outcome for the main factors, covariate (weight), and interaction term are displayed in the upper right corner of each panel; asterisks correspond to the level of significance: * = <i>P</i><0.05, ** = <i>P</i><0.01, *** = <i>P</i><0.001. Bolded asterisks above bar pairs indicate significant differences between the predator-free and predation risk treatments at each level of plant resistance in cases where the resource-risk interaction was significant. N = 17–21 replicates per treatment combination.</p

Path diagram from Plant defences limit herbivore population growth by changing predator–prey interactions

Path diagram for the model of the effect of plant resistance, aphid initial density on predators (richness and predation rate) and aphid per capita population growth

Volatile organic compounds collection and extraction from Plant defences limit herbivore population growth by changing predator–prey interactions

Methodological description of volatile organic compounds collection and extractio