The theoretical base for the ATO compliance model

The ATO Compliance Model was developed by the Cash Economy Task Force between 1996 and 1998 (Commonwealth of Australia, 1998a). The model drew on two theoretical frameworks from regulation – responsive regulation (Ayres and Braithwaite, 1992; Braithwaite, 2002 based on fieldwork described in Braithwaite, 1985; Grabosky and Braithwaite, 1986) and motivational posturing (Braithwaite, Braithwaite, Gibson, and Makkai, 1994; Braithwaite, 1995). Both theoretical frameworks are grounded in data from surveys, observations and interviews relating to regulators and regulatees in action. These data, collected in different settings, were interpreted against a background of social science theory, most notably reactance theory (Brehm and Brehm, 1981), procedural justice theory (Tyler, 1990, 1997), self-categorisation theory (Turner, 1987), defiance theory (Sherman, 1993) and reintegrative shaming theory (Braithwaite, 1989; Ahmed, Harris, Braithwaite and Braithwaite, 2001). Ideas and data were then pulled together to develop the theoretical frameworks described in more detail below

Their World Cracked Open: Theorizing Shelter in 9/11 Curricula

Following the tragic events of September 11, schools had to work with students on first draft history--teaching students about a political trauma as the details and repercussions of the event were still unfolding. Materials for teaching such a trauma have to grapple with the concept of shelter; that is, what students should be exposed to or shielded from that may be intellectually, morally, or emotionally upsetting to them. This dissertation is a curriculum study theorizing the mechanism of shelter in national programs used to teach students about September 11. Document analysis is used to interpret the curricula, and the secondary analysis is grounded in curriculum studies, exploring the mechanism of shelter across critical thinking, political value systems, and emotional responsibilities operationalized across the curricula. The study ends with a use of the theory of Julia Kristeva to interrogate the possibilities for using uncertainty for a different type of sheltered curriculum.Doctor of Philosoph

Ripples of trust : reconciling rational and relational accounts of the source of trust

Despite significant interest in trust over the last decade, the literature has yet to explain adequately the sources of trust, and especially, the sources of trust in government The aim of this thesis is to understand whether trust in government is sourced at the level of political institutions, or whether experiences in other institutional domains such as the family (a primary institution) and the local community (an intermediate institution) play a part. Other researchers have not empirically explored the development of trust from all three institutional levels in the same study. In this thesis sources of trust are examined at three institutional levels using a rational and relational process model to compare rational choice and socio-psychological/cultural theoretical perspectives. An argument is presented and supported to demonstrate that by conceptualising trust in government and its organisations as an attitude which is learned through our socialisation experiences, factors from rational choice and socio-psychological perspectives can be used to provide a greater understanding of how trust develops at different institutional levels. The plausibility of causal pathways frorn these different theoretical perspectives is tested in the Australian context. Particular attention is given to Putnam's social capital theory, and to testing the assertion that trust is sourced at the intennediate institutional level through involvement in clubs and associations. A major finding is that civic engagement and associational membership, that is, socialisation at the intermediate institutional level, has little or no role as a source of any kind of trust. The study demonstrates that trust in others learned through socialisation in the primary institution of the family ripples out as the source of both social and political trust. As well, it shows that rational factors play a role equal to socio-psychological factors in the development of attitudes of trust towards both strangers and government. Socio-psychological factors develop our trust and help us to generalise it, while rational factors dampen but do not destroy our trust. Several factors which were common across different institutional contexts, such as satisfaction with life, perceived dishonesty in others, and feeling powerless, suggest that we combine rational and relational factors in deciding whether to give our trust. While we learn to trust in the primary institution of the family, our experiences during life teach us to be realistic in our expectations of others and give us greater assurance about who to trust and when. The empirical test shows that trust in different institutional contexts is based on different factors, yet trust in one institutional context is related to trust in other institutional contexts. Those favouring a rational choice explanation have focused more on government, and those favouring a relational explanation of trust have focussed more on society. However, these results provide support for the idea that both theoretical perspectives play an equal part in the development of trust at all institutional levels. It seems we can go no further in understanding the sources of trust by testing these two theoretical perspectives. Future work on trust should be towards the integration of these perspectives

Verification, Analytical Validation, and Clinical Validation (V3): The Foundation of Determining Fit-for-Purpose for Biometric Monitoring Technologies (BioMeTs)

Digital medicine is an interdisciplinary field, drawing together stakeholders with expertize in engineering, manufacturing, clinical science, data science, biostatistics, regulatory science, ethics, patient advocacy, and healthcare policy, to name a few. Although this diversity is undoubtedly valuable, it can lead to confusion regarding terminology and best practices. There are many instances, as we detail in this paper, where a single term is used by different groups to mean different things, as well as cases where multiple terms are used to describe essentially the same concept. Our intent is to clarify core terminology and best practices for the evaluation of Biometric Monitoring Technologies (BioMeTs), without unnecessarily introducing new terms. We focus on the evaluation of BioMeTs as fit-for-purpose for use in clinical trials. However, our intent is for this framework to be instructional to all users of digital measurement tools, regardless of setting or intended use. We propose and describe a three-component framework intended to provide a foundational evaluation framework for BioMeTs. This framework includes (1) verification, (2) analytical validation, and (3) clinical validation. We aim for this common vocabulary to enable more effective communication and collaboration, generate a common and meaningful evidence base for BioMeTs, and improve the accessibility of the digital medicine field

Multicenter assessment of the reproducibility of volumetric radiofrequency-based intravascular ultrasound measurements in coronary lesions that were consecutively stented

To assess in a multicenter design the between-center reproducibility of volumetric virtual histology intravascular ultrasound (VH-IVUS) measurements with a semi-automated, computer-assisted contour detection system in coronary lesions that were consecutively stented. To evaluate the reproducibility of volumetric VH-IVUS measurements, experienced analysts of 4 European IVUS centers performed independent analyses (in total 8,052 cross-sectional analyses) to obtain volumetric data of 40 coronary segments (length 20.0 ± 0.3 mm) from target lesions prior to percutaneous intervention that were performed in the setting of stable (65%) or unstable angina pectoris (35%). Geometric and compositional VH-IVUS measurements were highly correlated for the different comparisons. Overall intraclass correlation for vessel, lumen, plaque volume and plaque burden was 0.99, 0.92, 0.96, and 0.83, respectively; for fibrous, fibro-lipidic, necrotic core and calcified volumes overall intraclass correlation was 0.96, 0.94, 0.98, and 0.99, respectively. Nevertheless, significant differences for both geometrical and compositional measurements were seen. Of the plaque components, fibrous tissue and necrotic core showed on average the highest measurement reproducibility. A central analysis for VH-IVUS multicenter studies of lesions prior to PCI should be pursued. Moreover, it may be problematical to pool VH-IVUS data of individual trials analyzed by independent center

Applications of responsive regulatory theory in Australia and overseas: update

The document has three parts. Part 1 briefly revisits responsive regulation and some of its more important developments. It is not a literature review nor does it aim to represent the theoretical and empirical discussions that have taken place around responsive regulation over the past two decades. It is but a 'taster.' Major sources of information are referenced in the text. Part 2 presents summaries of applications of responsive regulation that we could find on the web. The examples cover a wide range of social, environmental and economic domains. That said, the list is not exhaustive. It simply provides some insights into how practitioners have implemented the approach. Part 3 briefly explains some additional regulatory terms that are used in the examples of Part 2 and in the broader literature, often in conjunction with responsive regulation. We hope this makes it easier for time-poor readers browsing through this documentThis report was commisioned by RegNe

ARP2/3- and resection-coupled genome reorganization facilitates translocations [preprint]

DNA end-resection and nuclear actin-based movements orchestrate clustering of double-strand breaks (DSBs) into homology-directed repair (HDR) domains. Here, we analyze how actin nucleation by ARP2/3 affects damage-dependent and -independent 3D genome reorganization and facilitates pathologic repair. We observe that DNA damage, followed by ARP2/3-dependent establishment of repair domains enhances local chromatin insulation at a set of damage-proximal boundaries and affects compartment organization genome-wide. Nuclear actin polymerization also promotes interactions between DSBs, which in turn facilitates aberrant intra- and inter-chromosomal rearrangements. Notably, BRCA1 deficiency, which decreases end-resection, DSB mobility, and subsequent HDR, nearly abrogates recurrent translocations between AsiSI DSBs. In contrast, loss of functional BRCA1 yields unique translocations genome-wide, reflecting a critical role in preventing spontaneous genome instability and subsequent rearrangements. Our work establishes that the assembly of DSB repair domains is coordinated with multiscale alterations in genome architecture that enable HDR despite increased risk of translocations with pathologic potential

In situ modification of nanostructure configuration through the manipulation of hydrogen bonded amphiphile self-association

Herein, we report the synthesis of a novel amphiphilic salt containing a number of hydrogen bond donating (HBD) and accepting (HBA) functionalities. This amphiphile has been shown to self-associate via hydrogen bond formation in a DMSO solution, confirmed through a combination of NMR, UV-Vis and dynamic light scattering and supported by X-ray diffraction studies. The combination of different HBD and HBA functionalities within the amphiphile structure gives rise to a variety of competitive, self-associative hydrogen bonding modes that result in the formation of ‘frustrated’ hydrogen bonded nanostructures. These nanostructures can be altered through the addition of competitive HBD arrays and/or HBA anionic guests. The addition of these competitive species modifies the type of self-associative hydrogen bonding modes present between the amphiphilic molecules, triggering the in situ formation of novel hydrogen bonded nanostructures

Research priorities to address the global burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the next decade

Background The global prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has increased markedly in recent decades. Given the scarcity of resources available to address global health challenges and respiratory medicine being relatively under-invested in, it is important to define research priorities for COPD globally. In this paper, we aim to identify a ranked set of COPD research priorities that need to be addressed in the next 10 years to substantially reduce the global impact of COPD. Methods We adapted the Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative (CHNRI) methodology to identify global COPD research priorities. Results 62 experts contributed 230 research ideas, which were scored by 34 researchers according to six pre-defined criteria: answerability, effectiveness, feasibility, deliverability, burden reduction, and equity. The top-ranked research priority was the need for new effective strategies to support smoking cessation. Of the top 20 overall research priorities, six were focused on feasible and cost-effective pulmonary rehabilitation delivery and access, particularly in primary/community care and low-resource settings. Three of the top 10 overall priorities called for research on improved screening and accurate diagnostic methods for COPD in low-resource primary care settings. Further ideas that drew support involved a better understanding of risk factors for COPD, development of effective training programmes for health workers and physicians in low resource settings, and evaluation of novel interventions to encourage physical activity. Conclusions The experts agreed that the most pressing feasible research questions to address in the next decade for COPD reduction were on prevention, diagnosis and rehabilitation of COPD, especially in low resource settings. The largest gains should be expected in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) settings, as the large majority of COPD deaths occur in those settings. Research priorities identified by this systematic international process should inform and motivate policymakers, funders, and researchers to support and conduct research to reduce the global burden of COPD