A systematic review of the published literature on team-based learning in health professions education

<p><b>Purpose:</b> Summarize the published literature on team-based learning (TBL) in health professions education (HPE) using the TBL conceptual framework to identify gaps that can guide future research</p> <p><b>Methods:</b> PubMed, Web of Science, ERIC, and Google Scholar were searched through May 2016 for English-language articles regarding the use of TBL in HPE. Reviewers independently extracted data and coded for the seven elements in Michaelsen’s Model of TBL.</p> <p><b>Results:</b> A total of 118 articles met inclusion criteria. The number of articles published yearly on TBL has grown steadily, more than tripling between 2011 and 2016. Most studies (55; 47%) involved undergraduate medical students and took place in the US (72; 61%). The most commonly studied framework component was Teacher and Learner Attitudes (97; 82%). Other commonly studied elements included Learning Outcomes (85; 72%) and Team Characteristics (25; 21%). Contextual Factors affecting TBL was addressed in one study.</p> <p><b>Conclusions:</b> A substantial body of literature examines the effect that TBL has on traditional measures of achievement. However, many dimensions of TBL have not been well studied, including Teacher Decisions about TBL, Contextual Factors that affect TBL, Learners’ Engagement, and Pattern of Engagement within Teams. Future research in these areas could determine the best use of TBL in HPE.</p

Ginger inhibits cell growth and modulates angiogenic factors in ovarian cancer cells-9

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Ginger inhibits cell growth and modulates angiogenic factors in ovarian cancer cells"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/7/44</p><p>BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2007;7():44-44.</p><p>Published online 20 Dec 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2241638.</p><p></p>ines was assessed by using sulforhodamine B assays. Cells were incubated continuously with media containing ginger at the indicated concentrations and growth was assayed at Days 1, 3 and 5 of exposure. Using these concentrations of ginger, only SKOV3 cells displayed diminished cell growth

Ginger inhibits cell growth and modulates angiogenic factors in ovarian cancer cells-1

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Ginger inhibits cell growth and modulates angiogenic factors in ovarian cancer cells"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/7/44</p><p>BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2007;7():44-44.</p><p>Published online 20 Dec 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2241638.</p><p></p>ines was assessed using the trypan blue exclusion assay. Cells were incubated continuously with media containing ginger at the indicated concentrations and viable cells were counted on days Days 1, 3 and 5 of exposure. Ginger treated cells displayed significant growth inhibition as compared to control treated cells

Ginger inhibits cell growth and modulates angiogenic factors in ovarian cancer cells-4

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Ginger inhibits cell growth and modulates angiogenic factors in ovarian cancer cells"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/7/44</p><p>BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2007;7():44-44.</p><p>Published online 20 Dec 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2241638.</p><p></p>nished on day 3), or Cisplatin (2.5 μg/ml). Cells were examined by light microscopy at 1, 3, and 5 days of treatment

Ginger inhibits cell growth and modulates angiogenic factors in ovarian cancer cells-7

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Ginger inhibits cell growth and modulates angiogenic factors in ovarian cancer cells"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/7/44</p><p>BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2007;7():44-44.</p><p>Published online 20 Dec 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2241638.</p><p></p>ines was assessed by using sulforhodamine B assays. Cells were incubated continuously with media containing ginger at the indicated concentrations and growth was assayed at Days 1, 3 and 5 of exposure. Ginger treated cells displayed significant growth inhibition as compared to control treated cells (p < .05 for all cell lines, all ginger concentrations). D: Human ovarian surface epithelial cells were treated with the indicated concentrations of ginger with minimal effect seen following days 1–3 of culture (p > .05). HOSE demonstrated some inhibition of growth by day 5 of treatment (p < .05). Data are presented as means ± S.D, and are representative of at least 3 independent experiments

Ginger inhibits cell growth and modulates angiogenic factors in ovarian cancer cells-6

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Ginger inhibits cell growth and modulates angiogenic factors in ovarian cancer cells"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/7/44</p><p>BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2007;7():44-44.</p><p>Published online 20 Dec 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2241638.</p><p></p>for 48 hours. Production of the angiogenic factor s IL-8 (A) and VEGF (B) were assayed using ELISA assays. (A.) Only ES-2 and SKOV3 cells expressed high IL-8 levels at Baseline, and ginger treatment resulted in a significant decrease in IL-8 production (p < .05 for both cell lines). (B.) VEGF production was reduced in all cell lines following ginger treatment (p = .19, .18, .007, and .07 for A2780, CaOV3, ES-2 and SKOV3 cells respectively)

Ginger inhibits cell growth and modulates angiogenic factors in ovarian cancer cells-8

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Ginger inhibits cell growth and modulates angiogenic factors in ovarian cancer cells"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/7/44</p><p>BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2007;7():44-44.</p><p>Published online 20 Dec 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2241638.</p><p></p>ines was assessed using the trypan blue exclusion assay. Cells were incubated continuously with media containing ginger at the indicated concentrations and viable cells were counted on days Days 1, 3 and 5 of exposure. Ginger treated cells displayed significant growth inhibition as compared to control treated cells

Ginger inhibits cell growth and modulates angiogenic factors in ovarian cancer cells-2

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Ginger inhibits cell growth and modulates angiogenic factors in ovarian cancer cells"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/7/44</p><p>BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2007;7():44-44.</p><p>Published online 20 Dec 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2241638.</p><p></p>ines was assessed by using sulforhodamine B assays. Cells were incubated continuously with media containing ginger at the indicated concentrations and growth was assayed at Days 1, 3 and 5 of exposure. Using these concentrations of ginger, only SKOV3 cells displayed diminished cell growth

Ginger inhibits cell growth and modulates angiogenic factors in ovarian cancer cells-3

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Ginger inhibits cell growth and modulates angiogenic factors in ovarian cancer cells"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/7/44</p><p>BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2007;7():44-44.</p><p>Published online 20 Dec 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2241638.</p><p></p>f each of the ginger standards. Media containing the indicated compounds was replenished at day 3. Growth was assayed via sulforhodamine B assays on Days 1, 3, 5, and 7. Data are presented as means ± S.D. B. A2780 cells were treated for 24 hours with indicated concentrations of ginger extract or 7.5 mM of 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol. Media containing the indicated compounds was washed off and replaced with complete media after 24 hours. Growth was assayed via sulforhodamine B assays on Days 1, 3, 5, and 7. Data are presented as means ± S.D

Tales of diversity: Genomic and morphological characteristics of forty-six <i>Arthrobacter</i> phages

<div><p>The vast bacteriophage population harbors an immense reservoir of genetic information. Almost 2000 phage genomes have been sequenced from phages infecting hosts in the phylum Actinobacteria, and analysis of these genomes reveals substantial diversity, pervasive mosaicism, and novel mechanisms for phage replication and lysogeny. Here, we describe the isolation and genomic characterization of 46 phages from environmental samples at various geographic locations in the U.S. infecting a single <i>Arthrobacter</i> sp. strain. These phages include representatives of all three virion morphologies, and Jasmine is the first sequenced podovirus of an actinobacterial host. The phages also span considerable sequence diversity, and can be grouped into 10 clusters according to their nucleotide diversity, and two singletons each with no close relatives. However, the clusters/singletons appear to be genomically well separated from each other, and relatively few genes are shared between clusters. Genome size varies from among the smallest of siphoviral phages (15,319 bp) to over 70 kbp, and G+C contents range from 45–68%, compared to 63.4% for the host genome. Although temperate phages are common among other actinobacterial hosts, these <i>Arthrobacter</i> phages are primarily lytic, and only the singleton Galaxy is likely temperate.</p></div