“No Other Agency”: Public Education (K-12) in Washington State during World War I and the Red Scare, 1917-1920

This paper examines the impact of World War I and the Red Scare upon public education in Washington State. Schools, expected to be the instruments of governmental policy, played an important role in the everyday lives of people on the American homefront. Although many helped in the war effort willingly, this wartime drive included both instilling nationalism and loyalty to American political and economic institutions as well as the assimilation of immigrants. While these forces existed well before World War I and the Red Scare, they strengthened and became more publicly acceptable in 1917-1920 as more people grew convinced that these ideas were a means to protect national security, especially in Washington State where radical activity was particularly significant. These triplet forces of instilling patriotism, hunting radicals and assimilating immigrants characterized three critical school issues that affected Washington State, and indeed the nation during World War I and its aftermath. The issues, in a rough but overlapping chronological order, were opposition to the war by both teachers and students, instruction of the German language, and saluting the American flag. This intensity allowed conservative forces to express and gain support for their long-standing nativism and anti-radicalism

Planning and Teaching for Student Learning in Mathematics: How Graduate Student Instructors Develop and Implement Instruction

The purpose of this study was to explore undergraduate mathematics teaching from the perspective of a graduate student serving as a first-time precalculus instructor of record. A multiple case study was designed to follow three mathematics graduate student instructors (MGSIs) through one semester of teaching to understand their goals for student learning, efforts to achieve these goals, influences on planning, and to identify challenges they encountered. For each MGSI, data collection included four interviews, three observations of teaching, weekly journal entries, and written assignments from a pedagogy course. A focus group, field notes from the pedagogy course, audio from mentor meetings, and mentor interviews also informed the data analysis. Dramaturgical coding was utilized to arrive at common themes across MGSIs related to goals for student learning and challenges. Findings indicated MGSIs aimed to prepare students for their future, develop students’ reasoning, sense making and understanding of mathematics, help students develop productive dispositions, and procedural skills. MGSIs challenges related to implementing lesson plans as intended, preparing to teach, and interpreting student’s course performance and preparation. Individual case studies describe each MGSIs tactics used in the classroom, perceived lesson strengths, additional objectives, and key influences. Findings illustrate MGSIs planning, identify their needs, and may be informative for mathematics departments and individuals working to support graduate students

Estimating Costs and Benefits Associated with Evidence-Based Violence Prevention: Four case studies based on the Fourth R program

Teen violence in dating and peer relationships has huge costs to society in numerous areas including health care, social services, the workforce and the justice system. Physical, psychological, and sexual abuse have long-lasting ramifications for the perpetrators as well as the victims, and for the families involved on both sides of that equation. An effective violence prevention program that is part of a school’s curriculum is beneficial not only for teaching teenagers what is appropriate behaviour in a relationship, but also for helping them break the cycle of violence which may have begun at home with their own maltreatment as children. The Fourth R program is an efficacious violence prevention program that was developed in Ontario and has been implemented in schools throughout Canada and the U.S. Covering relationship dynamics common to dating violence as well as substance abuse, peer violence and unsafe sex, the program can be adapted to different cultures and to same-sex relationships. The program, which gets its name from the traditional 3Rs — reading, ’riting and ’rithmetic — offers schools the opportunity to provide effective programming for teens to reduce the likelihood of them using relationship for violence as they move into adulthood. The federal government has estimated that the societal costs of relationship violence amount to more than $7 billion. These costs can continue to be incurred through the legal and health-care systems as the ripple effects of violence play out over the years, even after a relationship has ended. Other types of violence are also costly to society and not just in terms of dollars, but in young lives diverted into criminal activity. Up to 15 per cent of youth who become involved with the justice system grow into serious adult offenders who develop lengthy criminal careers. Yet, research shows that if prevention programs such as the Fourth R can deter just one 14-year-old high-risk juvenile from a life of crime, up to$5 million can be saved in costs to society

Getting ourselves together:Data-centered participatory design research & epistemic burden

Data-centered participatory design research projects—wherein researchers collaborate with community members for the purpose of gathering, generating, or communicating data about the community or their causes—can place epistemic burdens on minoritized or racialized groups, even in projects focused on social justice outcomes. Analysis of epistemic burden encourages researchers to rethink the purpose and value of data in community organizing and activism more generally. This paper describes three varieties of epistemic burden drawn from two case studies based on the authors’ previous work with anti-police brutality community organizations. The authors conclude with a discussion of ways to alleviate and avoid these issues through a series of questions about participatory research design. Ultimately, we call for a reorientation of knowledge production away from putative design solutions to community problems and toward a more robust interrogation of the power dynamics of research itself

Differences in Perceived Patient Mobility Barriers Among Nurses from Various Departments and Location Work-Sites

Background: Hospitalized patients suffer negative outcomes related to lack of mobilization activities such as falls with injury or infection. Mobility requires a multi-disciplinary team approach including Registered Nurses (RNs), Certified Nursing Assistants (NA-Cs), and Physical/Occupational Therapists (PT/OTs) to promote best patient outcomes. The Johns Hopkins Culture of Mobility toolkit provides evidence-based practices for integrating multi-disciplinary mobilization efforts for hospitalized patients. This toolkit had not been implemented on a busy orthopedic post-operative nursing unit in one large hospital. Purpose/aims: To test the impact of the culture of mobility toolkit on caregiver perceptions of mobility barriers and evaluate the implementation of the toolkit on a surgical acute care unit. Methods/Approach: This quality improvement project was implemented on an orthopedic post-surgery inpatient unit in a large medical center in the Pacific Northwest. A pre-survey was administered to RNs, NA-C\u27s and PT/OTs prior to the implementation of this project, and those findings guided the development of an educational intervention. The education was a poster on the Johns Hopkins Culture of Mobility toolkit with focus on using the toolkit\u27s mobility screening tool presented to RN\u27s, NAC\u27s and PT/OT\u27s. Caregivers were also informed to complete a form each shift on the following: the patient\u27s Highest Level of Mobility score, the patient\u27s mobility goal for the shift, whether the patient met the personal goal, and barriers/facilitators to the patient\u27s ability to meet personal goals. Staff were directed to complete tracking sheets each shift for each patient during a 6-week period. After the intervention, all staff were invited to complete the post-survey to re-assess perceived mobility barriers. Results: More than 90 caregivers completed the pre-intervention perceived mobility barriers survey, which suggested that staff felt that patient mobilization efforts were time-intensive and posed an injury risk for caregivers. After the education was provided, over 240 mobility tracking sheet were submitted by mainly RN\u27s working night shift, and 65% of caregivers reported that the patient\u27s self-reported mobility goal was met by the end of the shift. Barriers to achieving patient-created mobility goals included inadequate symptom management, reduced patient-specific motivation to move, and lack of adequate resources to safely mobilize patients. A total of 32 caregivers responded to the post-project mobility survey, revealing a significant decrease in overall perceived mobility barriers from preintervention levels. PT/OTs reported significantly less barriers compared to nursing staff at both time points. Conclusion: This project demonstrated that multi-disciplinary staff working on a busy orthopedic postsurgical floor can adopt evidence-based practice tools to promote mobility which may facilitate increased patient mobilization activities. Future projects may include greater adoption of the toolkit throughout the medical center. Implications for practice: Hospital-based mobility programs such as the Johns Hopkins Culture of Mobility toolkit can mitigate functional decline of adults following hospitalization. Inpatient mobility activities may be enhanced by engaging patients to set and attain mobility goals each shift, partnering with PT/OTs, identifying patient motivation to mobilize, and optimizing symptom management.https://digitalcommons.psjhealth.org/prov_rn_conf_all/1035/thumbnail.jp

Target protein localization and its impact on PROTAC-mediated degradation

Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) bring a protein of interest (POI) into spatial proximity of an E3 ubiquitin ligase, promoting POI ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation. PROTACs rely on endogenous cellular machinery to mediate POI degradation, therefore the subcellular location of the POI and access to the E3 ligase being recruited potentially impacts PROTAC efficacy. To interrogate whether the subcellular context of the POI influences PROTAC-mediated degradation, we expressed either Halo or FKBP12F36V (dTAG) constructs consisting of varying localization signals and tested the efficacy of their degradation by von Hippel-Lindau (VHL)- or cereblon (CRBN)-recruiting PROTACs targeting either Halo or dTAG. POIs were localized to the nucleus, cytoplasm, outer mitochondrial membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, peroxisome or lysosome. Differentially localized Halo or FKBP12F36V proteins displayed varying levels of degradation using the same respective PROTACs, suggesting therefore that the subcellular context of the POI can influence the efficacy of PROTAC-mediated POI degradation.</p

Helicobacter pylori eradication for primary prevention of peptic ulcer bleeding in older patients prescribed aspirin in primary care (HEAT): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Background: Peptic ulcers in patients receiving aspirin are associated with Helicobacter pylori infection. We aimed to investigate whether H pylori eradication would protect against aspirin-associated ulcer bleeding. Methods: We conducted a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (Helicobacter Eradication Aspirin Trial [HEAT]) at 1208 primary care centres in the UK, using routinely collected clinical data. Eligible patients were aged 60 years or older who were receiving aspirin at a daily dose of 325 mg or less (with four or more 28-day prescriptions in the past year) and had a positive C13 urea breath test for H pylori at screening. Patients receiving ulcerogenic or gastroprotective medication were excluded. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either a combination of oral clarithromycin 500 mg, metronidazole 400 mg, and lansoprazole 30 mg (active eradication), or oral placebo (control), twice daily for 1 week. Participants, their general practitioners and health-care providers, and the research nurses, trial team, adjudication committee, and analysis team were all masked to group allocation throughout the trial. Follow-up was by scrutiny of electronic data in primary and secondary care. The primary outcome was time to hospitalisation or death due to definite or probable peptic ulcer bleeding, and was analysed by Cox proportional hazards methods in the intention-to-treat population. This trial is registered with EudraCT, 2011-003425-96. Findings: Between Sept 14, 2012, and Nov 22, 2017, 30 166 patients had breath testing for H pylori, 5367 had a positive result, and 5352 were randomly assigned to receive active eradication (n=2677) or placebo (n=2675) and were followed up for a median of 5·0 years (IQR 3·9-6·4). Analysis of the primary outcome showed a significant departure from proportional hazards assumptions (p=0·0068), requiring analysis over separate time periods. There was a significant reduction in incidence of the primary outcome in the active eradication group in the first 2·5 years of follow-up compared with the control group (six episodes adjudicated as definite or probable peptic ulcer bleeds, rate 0·92 [95% CI 0·41-2·04] per 1000 person-years vs 17 episodes, rate 2·61 [1·62-4·19] per 1000 person-years; hazard ratio [HR] 0·35 [95% CI 0·14-0·89]; p=0·028). This advantage remained significant after adjusting for the competing risk of death (p=0·028) but was lost with longer follow-up (HR 1·31 [95% CI 0·55-3·11] in the period after the first 2·5 years; p=0·54). Reports of adverse events were actively solicited; taste disturbance was the most common event (787 patients). Interpretation: H pylori eradication protects against aspirin-associated peptic ulcer bleeding, but this might not be sustained in the long term