The intellectual framework of voluntary social service c. 1940-60

This thesis examines the debate on the future of voluntary social service following the establishment of the post-war welfare state, commonly regarded as a painful period of adjustment for voluntary organisations, and argues that this debate sheds light on the later resurgence of the voluntary sector. It assesses the policy instruments available to governments in managing the voluntary sector in the 1940s, and the influence of this regulatory framework on the institutional forms available to voluntary organisations. It explores the legal and ethical distinction between endowed charities and voluntary organisations which Labour inherited from the Liberal political tradition, and how this interacted with the conceptual framework articulated by leading proponents of voluntary social service. The nature of voluntary organisations meant that traditional theories of voluntarism were often at odds with the routine maintenance of extended organisational structures, especially with the methods required to finance voluntary organisations. A consensus on proposals to resolve this conflict emerged in the late 1940s and this reflected structural changes within the voluntary sector which had given rise to a class of professional managers whose views increasingly converged with those of Labour policy makers. The proposals included the creation of autonomous funding bodies to be financed partly from the assets of defunct charitable endowments, providing financial stability for voluntary organisations, satisfying the requirements of accountability without compromising the independenceo f voluntary organisations. The new funding bodies were not created, but a new framework of corporate governance for voluntary organisations was implemented in the 1960 Charities Act, which brought voluntary organisations within the regulatory regime governing charitable trusts. The assimilation of voluntarism to charity ensured that the Idealism that inspired voluntary social service organisations was tied to compliance with institutional and legal forms which impaired their capacity to express social criticism

Structure and stress of Re(11%21); chiral terraces at a racemic surface

The surface structure and morphology of the clean Re(11%21) surface has been investigated through combined low energy electron diffraction intensity analysis of data taken at multiple angles of incidence, scanning tunneling microscopy, and first-principles density functional calculations. The results show how this globally racemic surface terminates in two chirally distinct terraces, which show largescale out-of-plane atomic relaxations and in-plane lateral movement of the uppermost atoms. We further identify and discuss the initial stages of step bunching upon adsorption of oxygen that leads ultimately to the large-scale faceting of the surface. Finally, we present calculations of surface stress and the response to applied surface strain, which suggest routes to the exertion of control over the expression of chirality at the surface

Recoil Order Chiral Corrections to Baryon Octet Axial Currents

We calculate chiral corrections to the octet axial currents through ${\cal O}(p^3)$ using baryon chiral perturbation theory (BCPT). The relativistic BCPT framework allows one to sum an infinite series of recoil corrections at a given order in the chiral expansion. We also include SU(3)-breaking operators occuring at ${\cal O}(p^2)$ not previously considered. We determine the corresponding low-energy constants (LEC's) from hyperon semileptonic decay data using a variety of infrared regularization schemes. We find that the chiral expansion of the axial currents does not display the proper convergence behavior, regardless of which scheme is chosen. We explore the implications of our analysis for determinations of the strange quark contribution to the nucleon spin, $\Delta s$.Comment: RevTex, 19 pages + 2 PS figure

Role of friction in pattern formation in oscillated granular layers

Particles in granular flows are often modeled as frictionless (smooth) inelastic spheres; however, there exist no frictionless grains, just as there are no elastic grains. Our molecular dynamics simulations reveal that friction is essential for realistic modeling of vertically oscillated granular layers: simulations of frictionless particles yield patterns with an onset at a container acceleration about 30% smaller than that observed in experiments and simulations with friction. More importantly, even though square and hexagonal patterns form for a wide range of the oscillation parameters in experiments and in our simulations of frictional inelastic particles, only stripe patterns form in the simulations without friction, even if the inelasticity is increased to obtain as much dissipation as in frictional particles. We also consider the effect of particle friction on the shock wave that forms each time the granular layer strikes the container. While a shock wave still forms for frictionless particles, the height and time dependence of the hydrodynamic fields differ for the cases with and without friction.Comment: final version appeared in Phys. Rev.

The Off-diagonal Goldberger-Treiman Relation and Its Discrepancy

We study the off-diagonal Goldberger-Treiman relation (ODGTR) and its discrepancy (ODGTD) in the N, Delta, pi sector through O(p^2) using heavy baryon chiral perturbation theory. To this order, the ODGTD and axial vector N to Delta transition radius are determined solely by low energy constants. Loop corrections appear at O(p^4). For low-energy constants of natural size, the ODGTD would represent a ~ 2% correction to the ODGTR. We discuss the implications of the ODGTR and ODGTD for lattice and quark model calculations of the transition form factors and for parity-violating electroexcitation of the Delta.Comment: 11 pages, 1 eps figur

Long distance regularization in chiral perturbation theory with decuplet

We investigate the use of long distance regularization in SU(3) baryon chiral perturbation theory with decuplet fields. The one-loop decuplet contributions to the octet baryon masses, axial couplings, S-wave nonleptonic hyperon decays and magnetic moments are evaluated in a chirally consistent fashion by employing a cutoff to implement long distance regularization. The convergence of the chiral expansions of these quantities is improved compared to the dimensionally regularized version which indicates that the propagation of Goldstone bosons over distances smaller than a typical hadronic size, which is beyond the regime of chiral perturbation theory but included by dimensional regularization, is removed by use of a cutoff.Comment: 31 page

Slater-Pauling Behavior of the Half-Ferromagnetic Full-Heusler Alloys

Using the full-potential screened Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker method we study the full-Heusler alloys based on Co, Fe, Rh and Ru. We show that many of these compounds show a half-metallic behavior, however in contrast to the half-Heusler alloys the energy gap in the minority band is extremely small. These full-Heusler compounds show a Slater-Pauling behavior and the total spin-magnetic moment per unit cell (M_t) scales with the total number of valence electrons (Z_t) following the rule: M_t=Z_t-24. We explain why the spin-down band contains exactly 12 electrons using arguments based on the group theory and show that this rule holds also for compounds with less than 24 valence electrons. Finally we discuss the deviations from this rule and the differences compared to the half-Heusler alloys.Comment: 10 pages, 8 figures, revised figure 3, new text adde

Forecasting explosion repose intervals with a non-parametric Bayesian survival model:Application to Sakura-jima volcano, Japan

Forecasting the repose between eruptions at a volcano is a key goal of volcanology for emergency planning and preparedness. Previous studies have used the statistical distribution of prior repose intervals to estimate the probability of a certain repose interval occurring in the future, and to offer insights into the underlying physical processes that govern eruption frequency. However, distributions are only decipherable after the eruption, when a full dataset is available, or not at all in the case of an incomplete time-series. Thus there is value in using an approach that does not assume an underlying distribution in forecasting likely repose intervals, and that can make use of additional information that may be related to the duration of repose. The use of a non-parametric survival model is novel in volcanology, as the size of eruption records is typically insufficient. Here, we apply a non-parametric Bayesian grouped time Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) survival model to the extensive 58-year eruption record (1956 to 2013) of Vulcanian explosions at Sakura-jima volcano, Japan. The model allows for the use of multiple observed and recorded data sets, such as plume height or seismic amplitude, even if some of the information is incomplete. Thus any relationships between explosion variables and subsequent or prior repose interval can be investigated. The model was successfully able to forecast future repose intervals for Sakura-jima using information about the prior plume height, plume colour and repose durations. For plume height, smaller plumes are followed by shorter repose intervals. This provides one of the first statistical models that uses plume height to quantitatively forecast explosion frequency.NRF (Natl Research Foundation, S’pore)MOE (Min. of Education, S’pore)Published versio