Effectiveness of organised versus opportunistic mammography screening

Background: Detailed comparison of effectiveness between organised and opportunistic mammography screening operating in the same country has seldom been carried out. Patients and methods: Prognostic indicators, as defined in the European Guidelines, were used to evaluate screening effectiveness in Switzerland. Matching of screening programmes' records with population-based cancer registries enabled to compare indicators of effectiveness by screening and detection modality (organised versus opportunistic screening, unscreened, interval cancers). Comparisons of prognostic profile were also drawn with two Swiss regions uncovered by service screening of low and high prevalence of opportunistic screening, respectively. Results: Opportunistic and organised screening yielded overall little difference in prognostic profile. Both screening types led to substantial stage shifting. Breast cancer prognostic indicators were systematically more favourable in Swiss regions covered by a programme. In regions without a screening programme, the higher the prevalence of opportunistic screening, the better was the prognostic profile. Conclusions: Organised screening appeared as effective as opportunistic screening. Mammography screening has strongly influenced the stage distribution of breast cancer in Switzerland, and a favourable impact on mortality is anticipated. Extension of organised mammography screening to the whole of Switzerland can be expected to further improve breast cancer prognosis in a cost-effective wa

Politiques de transport et inégalités sociales d'accès. Analyse comparative de huit agglomérations européennes

Le présent rapport se décompose en quatre parties principales. Une première partie expose le dispositif et la méthodologie comparative retenue, soit le choix des agglomérations et leur description et l’ensemble de la démarche comparative retenue, au plan des données d’enquête transports et mobilité notamment (chapitre 2). Les politiques de transport menées et la gestion de l’accès aux centres villes sont présentées au chapitre 3. La partie suivante propose une lecture cartographique des différenciations sociales dans les agglomérations considérées (chapitre 4, cartes au chapitre 8). Une quatrième partie est consacrée à l’analyse comparative des données d’enquêtes transports (chapitre 5). Ces quatre chapitres sont suivis d’une conclusion qui aborde l’effet des politiques de transports sur la mobilité et la dépendance automobile dans les huit agglomérations

Analyse comparative - benchmarking - dans les systèmes locaux de transport de voyageurs

Comparative analysis, that anglo-saxon people call Benchmarking, is a bit like Mr Jourdain’s prose : everyone uses it, even without knowing it really.It is a management method for organisations using a comparison process. This method has been implemented explicitely and formaly for a long time in the industrial field, where comparison between products and their production processes can be easily put in relation with the market.In the policies and public services field, and in particular in the transport field, this method is sill very few widespread.This report aims therefore to make a point of the benchmarking concept and its application to the the passengers transport domain. It is built in three parts :- The first part defines the benchmarking concept. It gives firstly a definition, origin and possible applications. Then it defines the basic principles. And finally, it describes the steps of the method.- The second part gives examples of application of the method in Europe, as well as the level of transport public policies as the one of operation of networks itself.- The third part presents in a very practical way how to launch a benchmarking exercise. In this respect, it describes very concretely an ongoing exercise at the European level, on a Commission (DG TREN) initiative, involving nearly fifty urbanL’analyse comparative, que les anglo-saxons appellent « benchmarking », c’est un peu comme la prose de Monsieur Jourdain : tout le monde l’a pratiquée, sans toujours le savoir vraiment.Il s’agit d’une méthode de management du changement dans les organisations s’appuyant sur la comparaison. Cette méthode est pratiquée de manière explicite et formelle depuis longtemps dans le monde industriel, où la comparaison entre les produits, et leurs processus de fabrication peut être facilement mise en relation avec le marché.Dans le domaine des politiques et des services publics, et en particulier dans celui des transports, cette méthode est encore très peu répandue.Ce rapport vise donc à faire le point du concept de l’analyse comparative et de son application au domaine des transports de voyageurs. Il est structuré en trois parties :- La première partie définit le concept d’analyse comparative. Elle donne d’une part une définition, origine et applications possibles. Puis elle définit les principes de base. Enfin, elle décrit les étapes de la méthode.- La seconde partie donne des exemples d’application de la méthode en Europe, tant au niveau des politiques publiques de transport que de l’exploitation proprement dite des réseaux.- La troisième partie présente de manière pratique la façon de monter un exercice d’analyse comparative. Pour cela, elle décrit très concrètement un exercice en cours au niveau européen, à l’initiative de la Commission Européenne, entre une cinquantaine d’agglomérations

Targeting OLFML3 in colorectal cancer suppresses tumor growth and angiogenesis, and increases the efficacy of anti-PD1 based immunotherapy

The role of the proangiogenic factor olfactomedin-like 3 (OLFML3) in cancer is unclear. To characterize OLFML3 expression in human cancer and its role during tumor development, we undertook tissue expression studies, gene expression analyses of patient tumor samples, in vivo studies in mouse cancer models, and in vitro coculture experiments. OLFML3 was expressed at high levels, mainly in blood vessels, in multiple human cancers. We focused on colorectal cancer (CRC), as elevated expression of OLFML3 mRNA correlated with shorter relapse-free survival, higher tumor grade, and angiogenic microsatellite stable consensus molecular subtype 4 (CMS4). Treatment of multiple in vivo tumor models with OLFML3-blocking antibodies and deletion of the Olfml3 gene from mice decreased lymphangiogenesis, pericyte coverage, and tumor growth. Antibody-mediated blockade of OLFML3 and deletion of host Olfml3 decreased the recruitment of tumor-promoting tumor-associated macrophages and increased infiltration of the tumor microenvironment by NKT cells. Importantly, targeting OLFML3 increased the antitumor efficacy of anti-PD-1 checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Taken together, the results demonstrate that OLFML3 is a promising candidate therapeutic target for CRC. </p

Targeting Vascular NADPH Oxidase 1 Blocks Tumor Angiogenesis through a PPARα Mediated Mechanism

Reactive oxygen species, ROS, are regulators of endothelial cell migration, proliferation and survival, events critically involved in angiogenesis. Different isoforms of ROS-generating NOX enzymes are expressed in the vasculature and provide distinct signaling cues through differential localization and activation. We show that mice deficient in NOX1, but not NOX2 or NOX4, have impaired angiogenesis. NOX1 expression and activity is increased in primary mouse and human endothelial cells upon angiogenic stimulation. NOX1 silencing decreases endothelial cell migration and tube-like structure formation, through the inhibition of PPARα, a regulator of NF-κB. Administration of a novel NOX-specific inhibitor reduced angiogenesis and tumor growth in vivo in a PPARα dependent manner. In conclusion, vascular NOX1 is a critical mediator of angiogenesis and an attractive target for anti-angiogenic therapies