Reverse mathematics and uniformity in proofs without excluded middle

We show that when certain statements are provable in subsystems of constructive analysis using intuitionistic predicate calculus, related sequential statements are provable in weak classical subsystems. In particular, if a $\Pi^1_2$ sentence of a certain form is provable using E-HA${}^\omega$ along with the axiom of choice and an independence of premise principle, the sequential form of the statement is provable in the classical system RCA. We obtain this and similar results using applications of modified realizability and the \textit{Dialectica} interpretation. These results allow us to use techniques of classical reverse mathematics to demonstrate the unprovability of several mathematical principles in subsystems of constructive analysis.Comment: Accepted, Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logi

From State to Market: A Survey of Empirical Studies on Privatization

This study surveys the academic and professional literature examining the privatisation of state-owned enterprises (SOEs), with a focus on empirical studies. Privatisation has been instrumental in reducing state ownership in many countries and had a transforming effect on global stock markets, although the role of SOEs in many other countries is similar to what it was two decades ago. Countries have adopted large-scale privatisation programs primarily for two reasons: first, the conclusive evidence that privately-owned firms outperform SOEs and, second, the empirical evidence clearly shows that privatisation significantly (often dramatically) improves the operating and financial performance of divested firms. Governments can also raise significant revenues by selling SOEs. While the choice between privatisation via public share offering versus through asset sales is still imperfectly understood, factors such as firm size, government fiscal condition, and the state of national economic development are important influences. Further, those countries which have chosen the mass (voucher) privatisation route have done so largely out of necessity--and face ongoing efficiency problems as a result. Governments have great discretion in pricing the SOEs they sell, especially those being sold via public share offering, and they use this discretion to pursue political and economic ends. Finally, investors who purchase the shares of firms being privatised earn significantly positive excess returns both in the short-run (due to deliberate underpricing of share issues by the government) and over one, three, and five-year investment horizons.Capital, Investment, Employment, Financing policy, Ownership structure, Investment banking, Venture capital, Brokerage, Public economics, Sources of revenue, Public enterprises, Boundaries of public and private enterprise, Privatisation, Contracting out

Logistic regression Model Effectiveness: Proportional Chance Criteria and Proportional Reduction in Error

The importance of classification tables in binary logistic regression analysis has not been fully recognized. This may be due to an over reliance on statistical software or lack of awareness of the value that computation of the proportional by chance accuracy criteria (PCC) and proportional reduction in error (PRE) statistic can add to binary logistic regression models. Case illustrations are used in this paper to demonstrate the usefulness of these computations. An overview of logistic regression is proffered along with a discussion of the function of case classifications and strategies in application of the PCC and PRE. It offers guidance for others interested in understanding how classification tables can be maximized to assess the predictive effectiveness and utility of binary logistic regression models

Size and Impact of Privatisation – A Survey of Empirical Studies

Privatisierung, Theorie, Empirische Methode, Privatization, Theory, Empirical method

The Retention of Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics: A Framework for Persistence

Women make up 47% of the total U.S. workforce, but are less represented in engineering, computer sciences, and the physical sciences. In addition, race and ethnicity are salient factors and minority women comprise fewer than 1 in 10 scientist or engineer. In this paper, a review of the literature is under taken that explores the many challenges women encounter when pursing a career in the sciences. It includes a review of the national landscape and discussion of the guiding general retention theories. Finally it proposes a conceptual framework for persistence and proffers a number of research questions designed to delve deeper into the under representation phenomenon