Correspondence of the Ukrainian Legislation in the Labor Sphere to European Standards

У статті проаналізовано європейські стандарти у сфері праці та досліджено їх вплив на українське законодавство, запропоновано впровадження нових положень до нього. Наведено дефініцію терміну «європейські стандарти в сфері охорони праці» в широкому розумінні як принципів та норм, які закріплюють єдині та загальноприйняті правові, соціально-економічні, організаційно-технічні, санітарно-гігієнічні і лікувально-профілактичні заходи та засоби, спрямовані на збереження життя, здоров’я і працездатності людини під час трудової діяльності, в якій би державі вона не жила. Зазначається позитивні зрушення українського законодавства у результаті адаптації його до європейських стандартів, на основі чого громадяни України отримають охорону і захист своїх прав у даній сфері не тільки на території своєї держави, а й за межами її (зокрема, в Європейському Союзі). Визначено існуючі європейські стандарти у сфері праці. Виокремлено перші прийняті Європейською конвенцією 1950 року стандарти у вищезазначеній сфері, які поклали основу розвитку прав у сфері праці, такі як: заборона рабства та примусової праці, а також свобода зібрань і об’єднань. Завдяки проведеному аналізу Європейської соціальної хартії (переглянутої) досліджено стандарти, до яких поступово адаптується українське законодавство, розвиваючи нове трудове право, тим самим відводячи морально застарілі положення на задній план. Виокремлено норми українського законодавства, що не відповідають вимогам європейського (зокрема, положення щодо права працівників на захист їхніх прав у випадку банкрутства їхнього роботодавця). Обґрунтовано вплив норм європейського права на вітчизняне завдяки Річному звіту про діяльність Європейського комітету з соціальних прав 2009-2015 р.р. шляхом зіставлення європейських вимог до України для прийняття до Європейського Союзу та українських нормативно-правових актів у сфері праці.In the article we analyzed European standards in the labor sphere and studied their influence on the Ukrainian Law, suggested the introduction of new regulations to it. The definition of the term “European standards in the labor protection sphere” is given; in the wide sense these are principles and standards that consolidate unique and general legal, social and economic, organizational and technical, hygiene and treatment-and prophylactic measures and instruments that are aimed at saving life, health and person’s employability, no matter where he/she lives. Positive changes of the Ukrainian Law are mentioned as a result of its adaptation to the European standards, on this basis the citizens of Ukraine obtain the protection and security of their rights in this sphere not only on the territory of Ukraine, but also outside the country (in particular in the European Union). The current European standards in the labor sphere are determined. European Convention (1950) distinguished the first accepted standards in the above-mentioned field, that were a basis for rights development in the labor sphere such as the prohibition of the slavery and the forced labor, the freedom of meetings and associations. Due to the analysis of the European Social Charter (revised) the standards were studied and Ukrainian Law is adjusted to them, it develops new labor law thereby the outdated standards are overshadowed. Some standards of Ukrainian Law are distinguished that don’t meet European requirements (in particular, the regulations on worker rights to protect their rights in case of firm bankruptcy). The influence of standards of European Law on the Law of our country is explained due to Annual Report on the activities of the European Committee of social rights 2009-2015 by means of comparison of European requirements to Ukraine to admit it to the European Union and Ukrainian statuary legal act in the labor sphere

Bespoke SnAP Reagents for the Synthesis of C‑Substituted Spirocyclic and Bicyclic Saturated N‑Heterocycles

The precise placement of C-substituents on bicyclic and spirocyclic N-heterocycles is readily achieved by the combination of aldehydes and new SnAP reagents. The substituted SnAP reagents are readily prepared from simple starting materials and couple with a variety of aromatic and heteroaromatic aldehydes at room temperature under operationally simple conditions to deliver substituted morpholine and piperazine products

Synthesis of Chemically and Configurationally Stable Monofluoro Acylboronates: Effect of Ligand Structure on their Formation, Properties, and Reactivities

The recent disclosures of two classes of acylborons, potassium acyltrifluoroborates (KATs) and <i>N</i>-methyliminodiacetyl (MIDA) acylboronates, demonstrated that certain acylboron species can be both remarkably stable and uniquely reactive. Here we report new classes of ligands for acylboronates that have a significant influence on the formation, properties, and reactivities of acylboronates. Our systematic investigations identified a class of neutral, monofluoroboronates that can be prepared in a one step, gram-scale fashion from readily accessible KATs. These monofluoroboronates are stable to air, moisture, and silica gel chromatography and can be easily handled without any special precautions. X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, and HPLC studies showed that they are tetravalent, configurationally stable <i>B</i>-chiral acylboronates. Significantly, the ligands on the boronate allow for fine-tuning of the properties and reactivity of acylboronates. In amide-forming ligation with hydroxylamines under aqueous conditions, a considerable difference in reactivity was observed as a function of ligand structure. The solid-state structures suggested that subtle steric and conformational factors modulate the reactivities of the acylboronates

Silicon Amine Reagents for the Photocatalytic Synthesis of Piperazines from Aldehydes and Ketones

Silicon amine protocol (SLAP) reagents for photocatalytic cross-coupling with aldehydes and ketones to form <i>N</i>-unprotected piperazines have been developed. This blue light promoted process tolerates a wide range of heteroaromatic, aromatic, and aliphatic aldehydes and structurally and stereochemically complex SLAP reagents. It provides a tin-free alternative to SnAP (tin amine protocol) reagents for the synthesis of substituted piperazines

Synthesis of Sterically Hindered <i>N</i>‑Acylated Amino Acids from <i>N</i>‑Carboxyanhydrides

Sterically hindered <i>N</i>-acyl, <i>gem</i>-disubstituted amino acids are easily prepared via the addition of organometallic reagents to <i>N</i>-carboxy­anhydrides (NCA). The process tolerates a wide variety of functional groups and allows the synthesis of amide products not readily accessible by traditional acylation chemistry. The existence of an isocyanate intermediate was established by <i>in situ</i> IR spectroscopy

Synthesis of Chemically and Configurationally Stable Monofluoro Acylboronates: Effect of Ligand Structure on their Formation, Properties, and Reactivities

The recent disclosures of two classes of acylborons, potassium acyltrifluoroborates (KATs) and <i>N</i>-methyliminodiacetyl (MIDA) acylboronates, demonstrated that certain acylboron species can be both remarkably stable and uniquely reactive. Here we report new classes of ligands for acylboronates that have a significant influence on the formation, properties, and reactivities of acylboronates. Our systematic investigations identified a class of neutral, monofluoroboronates that can be prepared in a one step, gram-scale fashion from readily accessible KATs. These monofluoroboronates are stable to air, moisture, and silica gel chromatography and can be easily handled without any special precautions. X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, and HPLC studies showed that they are tetravalent, configurationally stable <i>B</i>-chiral acylboronates. Significantly, the ligands on the boronate allow for fine-tuning of the properties and reactivity of acylboronates. In amide-forming ligation with hydroxylamines under aqueous conditions, a considerable difference in reactivity was observed as a function of ligand structure. The solid-state structures suggested that subtle steric and conformational factors modulate the reactivities of the acylboronates

Synthesis of Chemically and Configurationally Stable Monofluoro Acylboronates: Effect of Ligand Structure on their Formation, Properties, and Reactivities

The recent disclosures of two classes of acylborons, potassium acyltrifluoroborates (KATs) and <i>N</i>-methyliminodiacetyl (MIDA) acylboronates, demonstrated that certain acylboron species can be both remarkably stable and uniquely reactive. Here we report new classes of ligands for acylboronates that have a significant influence on the formation, properties, and reactivities of acylboronates. Our systematic investigations identified a class of neutral, monofluoroboronates that can be prepared in a one step, gram-scale fashion from readily accessible KATs. These monofluoroboronates are stable to air, moisture, and silica gel chromatography and can be easily handled without any special precautions. X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, and HPLC studies showed that they are tetravalent, configurationally stable <i>B</i>-chiral acylboronates. Significantly, the ligands on the boronate allow for fine-tuning of the properties and reactivity of acylboronates. In amide-forming ligation with hydroxylamines under aqueous conditions, a considerable difference in reactivity was observed as a function of ligand structure. The solid-state structures suggested that subtle steric and conformational factors modulate the reactivities of the acylboronates

Lewis Acid Induced Toggle from Ir(II) to Ir(IV) Pathways in Photocatalytic Reactions: Synthesis of Thiomorpholines and Thiazepanes from Aldehydes and SLAP Reagents

Redox neutral photocatalytic transformations often require careful pairing of the substrates and photoredox catalysts in order to achieve a catalytic cycle. This can limit the range of viable transformations, as we recently observed in attempting to extend the scope of the photocatalytic synthesis of N-heterocycles using silicon amine protocol (SLAP) reagents to include starting materials that require higher oxidation potentials. We now report that the inclusion of Lewis acids in photocatalytic reactions of organosilanes allows access to a distinct reaction pathway featuring an Ir­(III)*/Ir­(IV) couple instead of the previously employed Ir­(III)*/Ir­(II) pathway, enabling the transformation of aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes to thiomorpholines and thiazepanes. The role of the Lewis acid in accepting an electroneither directly or via coordination to an iminecan be extended to other classes of photocatalysts and transformations, including oxidative cyclizations. The combination of light induced reactions and Lewis acids therefore promises access to new pathways and transformations that are not viable using the photocatalysts alone

SnAP-eX Reagents for the Synthesis of Exocyclic 3‑Amino- and 3‑Alkoxypyrrolidines and Piperidines from Aldehydes

SnAP-eX (tin amine protocol, exocyclic heteroatoms) reagents allow the single-step transformation of aldehydes and ketones into 2,3-disubstituted pyrrolidines and piperidines containing exocyclic amine or alkoxy groups. These saturated N-heterocycles are of importance in modern drug discovery approaches and are prepared in moderate yields using an operationally simple protocol that is compatible with a range of functional groups and heterocyclic aldehydes

Lewis Acid Induced Toggle from Ir(II) to Ir(IV) Pathways in Photocatalytic Reactions: Synthesis of Thiomorpholines and Thiazepanes from Aldehydes and SLAP Reagents

Redox neutral photocatalytic transformations often require careful pairing of the substrates and photoredox catalysts in order to achieve a catalytic cycle. This can limit the range of viable transformations, as we recently observed in attempting to extend the scope of the photocatalytic synthesis of N-heterocycles using silicon amine protocol (SLAP) reagents to include starting materials that require higher oxidation potentials. We now report that the inclusion of Lewis acids in photocatalytic reactions of organosilanes allows access to a distinct reaction pathway featuring an Ir­(III)*/Ir­(IV) couple instead of the previously employed Ir­(III)*/Ir­(II) pathway, enabling the transformation of aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes to thiomorpholines and thiazepanes. The role of the Lewis acid in accepting an electroneither directly or via coordination to an iminecan be extended to other classes of photocatalysts and transformations, including oxidative cyclizations. The combination of light induced reactions and Lewis acids therefore promises access to new pathways and transformations that are not viable using the photocatalysts alone