INCOME REMINDER AND THE DIVERGENCE BETWEEN WILLINGNESS-TO-PAY ESTIMATES ASSOCIATED WITH DICHOTOMOUS CHOICE AND OPEN-ENDED ELICITATION FORMATS

This study investigates whether an income reminder can reduce the divergence between the willingness-to-pay (WTP) estimates associated with the open-ended (OE) and dichotomous choice (DC) elicitation formats. Results show that without an income reminder, WTP estimate associated with DC elicitation format is about 1.66 times as large as that associated with OE elicitation format. With an income reminder, the WTP estimate associated with DC format decreased while the WTP estimate associated with OE format increased, and the divergence between the WTP estimates was almost eliminated.dichotomous choice, open-ended, income reminder, water quality improvement, willingness-to-pay, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods,

The well-coordinated linkage between acidogenicity and aciduricity via insoluble glucans on the surface of Streptococcus mutans.

Streptococcus mutans is considered the principal cariogenic bacterium for dental caries. Despite the recognition of their importance for cariogenesis, the possible coordination among S. mutans' main virulence factors, including glucan production, acidogenicity and aciduricity, has been less well studied. In the present study, using S. mutans strains with surface-displayed pH-sensitive pHluorin, we revealed sucrose availability- and Gtf functionality-dependent proton accumulation on S. mutans surface. Consistent with this, using a pH-sensitive dye, we demonstrated that both in vivo cell-produced and in vitro enzymatically synthesized insoluble glucans displayed proton-concentrating ability. Global transcriptomics revealed proton accumulation triggers the up-regulation of genes encoding functions involved in acid tolerance response in a glucan-dependent manner. Our data suggested that this proton enrichment around S. mutans could pre-condition the bacterium for acid-stress. Consistent with this hypothesis, we found S. mutans strains defective in glucan production were more acid sensitive. Our study revealed for the first time that insoluble glucans is likely an essential factor linking acidogenicity with aciduricity. The coordination of these key virulence factors could provide new insights on how S. mutans may have become a major cariogenic pathogen

Equivariant formality of corank-one isotropy actions and products of rational spheres

We completely characterize the pairs of connected Lie groups $G > K$ such that $\mathrm{rank}(G) - \mathrm{rank}(K) = 1$ and the left action of $K$ on $G/K$ is equivariantly formal. The analysis requires us to correct and extend an existing partial classification of homogeneous quotients $G/K$ with the rational homotopy type of a product of an odd- and an even-dimensional sphere.Comment: 43 pages; updated to match the journal versio

MOOCs Meet Measurement Theory: A Topic-Modelling Approach

This paper adapts topic models to the psychometric testing of MOOC students based on their online forum postings. Measurement theory from education and psychology provides statistical models for quantifying a person's attainment of intangible attributes such as attitudes, abilities or intelligence. Such models infer latent skill levels by relating them to individuals' observed responses on a series of items such as quiz questions. The set of items can be used to measure a latent skill if individuals' responses on them conform to a Guttman scale. Such well-scaled items differentiate between individuals and inferred levels span the entire range from most basic to the advanced. In practice, education researchers manually devise items (quiz questions) while optimising well-scaled conformance. Due to the costly nature and expert requirements of this process, psychometric testing has found limited use in everyday teaching. We aim to develop usable measurement models for highly-instrumented MOOC delivery platforms, by using participation in automatically-extracted online forum topics as items. The challenge is to formalise the Guttman scale educational constraint and incorporate it into topic models. To favour topics that automatically conform to a Guttman scale, we introduce a novel regularisation into non-negative matrix factorisation-based topic modelling. We demonstrate the suitability of our approach with both quantitative experiments on three Coursera MOOCs, and with a qualitative survey of topic interpretability on two MOOCs by domain expert interviews.Comment: 12 pages, 9 figures; accepted into AAAI'201